Journal of Holistic Nursing and Midwifery
Volume:27 Issue: 2, Summer 2017

The world's elderly population is increasing; along with this growth, their health problems gain importance. Meanwhile, healthy lifestyle is a valuable resource for reducing the incidence of health problems and their consequences. It can enhance recovery, deal with life stressors and improve the quality of life.
The present study aimed to assess the lifestyle of elderly people and factors related to it in individuals who were referred to the pension fund in Rasht city.
This was a cross-sectional study in which 384 members of the pension fund in Rasht city participated. The data collection tools included the demographic questionnaire, the lifestyle questionnaire, including 5 domains of lifestyle and the medical outcomes study-social support survey (MOS–SSS). Data was collected through interviews and then analyzed using the descriptive and inferential statistics, ANOVA, t-test, Spearman’s correlation coefficient and regression model.
As many as 65.6% of the sample was men and 34.4% women in the age group of 60–65 years. The mean score of lifestyle was 123.82. The results indicated a statistically significant relationship between the lifestyle of elderly people and the absence of chronic illnesses (p=0.022), education level (p=0.006) and housing status (p=0.022). Regression analysis showed that housing, income and social support conditions are factors associated with lifestyle (R² = 0.15, p=0.0001).
It was found that the level of education and social support is among the effective factors influencing lifestyle of elderly people. As the lifestyle of most individuals was at a moderate level, it is necessary to conduct training programs of healthy lifestyle for the elderly seriously.

Pregnancy anxiety is a common disorder occurred due to various factors. It has significant impact on the outcome of pregnancy.
This study aimed at determining the role of perceived stress and social support to tame anxiety among pregnant women.
This is a descriptive-analytical study with correlational design. The study’s population included all pregnant women who were referred to Ardabil health centers in the second half of 2013 to receive prenatal care. A total of 110 subjects were selected using random sampling method and responded to demographic, perceived stress and social support questionnaires. The data collected was analyzed using Pearson’s correlation coefficient and multiple regression analysis.
The results showed that anxiety during pregnancy had a negative correlation with negative perception of stress (r=0.56; P The results showed that the perception of stress and social support received by pregnant women play a role in anxiety during pregnancy.

Maternal role is competence, skill and satisfaction of a woman who, as a mother, has maternal understanding and feeling for the infant.
This study aimed at determining the impact of training on nulliparous Pregnant women in attaining identity and satisfaction with the maternal role.
This is a quasi-experimental intervention study. This study was conducted on 100 pregnant women referred to health centres affiliated to Tehran University of Medical Sciences in 2013. The sample consisted of 45 subjects in the intervention group and 47 subjects in the control group.
Inclusion criteria were gestational age of 36 weeks or more, age of 18 and above, living with a partner, no physical or mental illness, no record of alcoholism and drug abuse, having at least passed third grade in secondary school, Iranian citizenship and no history of participation in courses on baby care.
Training classes were held 3 times for pregnant women in the intervention group. The first and third sessions included training, slide shows with lectures and questions and answers; but the second session included practical training on baby showers and film screenings. At the end of these sessions, a booklet containing baby care training material was provided to the mothers. The booklet contained training material including umbilical cord care, how to breastfeed and related problems like fissures and mastitis, among others. It also included how to use iron and multivitamins, vaccination of infants, care for infants, their shower, their clothes, mother and infant nutrition, prevention and healthcare of infant in case of urinary tract burns and care and necessary actions in case of fever, diarrhea or bloating, etc..
In this research, data gathering tools included questionnaire (personal information and maternal identity questionnaire in the third trimester of pregnancy, maternal identity questionnaire in postpartum and maternal satisfaction questionnaire). Descriptive statistical and analytical tests including Chi-square test, Fisher's exact test, Friedman test as well as T-paired and independent T-tests were used to analyse the data.
Comparison of individual properties and maternal identity level before the intervention in two groups showed no significant difference (P> 0.05). Statistical test showed no statistically significant difference between the intervention and control groups in terms of maternal identity, in pre-training levels, 6 and 12 weeks after delivery; but mean maternal satisfaction in weeks 6 (P According to this study, it seems that improvement in maternal identity has not been possible by short-term training and needs broader intervention. According to the impact of training on maternal satisfaction, it recommended to offer infant care training programmes for promoting a sense of empowerment in mothers for better child care.

Procrastination is a behavioral habit, described as putting off the tasks. The behavioral habit in nursing profession because of its nature is natural and tangible. On the other hand, procrastination in nursing profession had irreversible negative results and thus doing duties without procrastination is vital. Thus, with regard to the negative results of procrastination in nursing profession, identification of related situational and individual factors is great importance.
This research was carried out with the aim of prediction of procrastination using job characteristics (skill variety, task significance, task Identity, feedback and autonomy) as situational factor and locus of control (internal and external) as individual factor in nurses.
This research is cross-sectional study with descriptive-correlation method. Statistical population consisted of nurses of Isfahan city in 2011 from which 193 nurses were selected by simple random sampling method. The measurements of study were standard questionnaire include general procrastination scale, job cognition questionnaire, and work locus of control scale. Data analyses were conducted based on descriptive and inferential statistics such as Pearson’s correlation coefficient and simultaneous regression analysis.
Mean of procrastination (45.59), job characteristics (from 4.64 to 5.46) and locus of control (31.11) scores showed that nurses had medium level of procrastination, high level of job characteristics and external locus of control. Also, results of Pearson’s correlation coefficient showed that there were significant negative relationship between procrastination and feedback as a job characteristics (p Considering the negative results in nursing profession, medium level of procrastination and high level of job characteristics, negative relationship between procrastination and feedback, positive relationship between procrastination and external locus of control and predictive power external of locus of control in the procrastination level of nurses, it is imperative to present of feedback and establish external locus of control training courses in order to reduce nurse's procrastination.

Working in healthcare jobs and the health sector, where one has to face human communication and health-related issues every day, can cause a lot of stress. Nurses are important members of the healthcare system of a country; they play a crucial role in improving the quality of healthcare. Burnout as the main characteristic of job stress refers to a delayed reaction to chronic stressors at work.
The aim of this study was to determine the relationship between burnout dimensions and psychological symptoms (depression, anxiety and stress) among nurses.
Material and This present study was a descriptive-analytic and cross-sectional study, which was conducted on 270 nurses working in educational hospitals in Rasht (Iran), using stratified random sampling. The research instruments included demographic questionnaire, Maslach burnout inventory and depression, anxiety and stress questionnaire {Depresion Anxiety, Stress, Scale (DASS21)}. Data was analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistics (Pearson correlation and regression).
The findings showed that there is a significantly positive correlation between burnout dimensions (emotional exhaustion, depersonalization and reduced personal accomplishment) and psychological symptoms (depression, anxiety and stress) in nurses (P Considering the fact that mental health can positively affect the nursing profession and given the positive relationship between burnout dimensions and psychological symptoms, it is recommended that we must the reduce burnout rate by holding emotion regulation-training classes and promote it.

Ethical behaviour is a fundamental feature of professional nursing.
The present study aimed to determine challenges of premarital education program in Iran.
In this qualitative research, in-depth semi-structured interviews were conducted to collect information. Qualitative content analysis was used to analyse the data. The study population of this study included all representative nurses working in public hospitals in Mashhad. As many as 14 people were interviewed with respect to the adequacy of sampling.
The results of the analysis of interviews in terms of five main components-deontology, emotional support, attention and respect, benevolent training, and benevolent monitoring-evaluate that each of these contain several subcomponents.
The concept of ethics is deeply ingrained in the nursing profession. To promote ethics in this sensitive profession, it is not enough only to develop a code of ethics. The results of this study show that the ethical and virtuous behaviour of nurses towards medical teams not only improve the hospital atmosphere, but can also urge people to demonstrate positive behaviours, such as Organizational Citizenship Behaviour (OCB), and increase individual, group, and organizational performance. In addition, moral behaviour related to benevolent training can pave the way for establishing a knowledge-based management system that can facilitate knowledge management in the organizati

Multiple sclerosis is one the most common diseases of the central nervous system. Fatigue and depression are common symptoms of the disorder. The identification of the factors associated with fatigue can help to solve this problem and subsequently, reduce the problems of these patients.
This study aimed to determine the predictor role of depression in patients with multiple sclerosis fatigue.
This is a cross-sectional, descriptive and analytical study. The study was carried out in the special diseases centre of Kerman University of Medical Sciences. In this study, 170 patients with multiple sclerosis were enrolled, by using available sampling in 2014. In order to collect the data, three demographic questionnaires, the Fatigue Severity questionnaire (FSS = Fatigue Severity Scale) and Zung Depression were used. The validity and reliability of the instruments had been confirmed in Iran. The data was analyzed by using descriptive and analytical statistics (chi-square regression multivariate logistic).
In the study, 75.3% of participants were women and 24.7% were men. Of them, 70% were married and 21.8% were single. Additionally, the results of this study showed that 65.3% of the participants complained of fatigue and 51.8% had depression. The results of the regression showed that the risk of fatigue in people who suffer from depression is 2.75 times than those who do not have depression (p The results of this study revealed that depression can predict the onset of fatigue in patients with multiple sclerosis. It is necessary to reduce and control the symptoms of depression, which is a symptom of multiple sclerosis. Accordingly, fatigue as a common symptom in patients can be reduced, resulting in a higher quality of life in this chronic disease.

Students’ study methods affect their learning and academic achievement, and the resultant process plays a role in the development cognitive and practical skills, and ultimately their future career. Determining the student's study habits and the relationship between their study habits and their academic performance can, therefore, improve their academic achievement, strengthen and modify their study habits.
This study aimed to determine the relationship between the study habits and the academic performance of the students of the Guilan University of Medical Sciences.
This analytical-descriptive study conducted between 2013 and2014, samples comprising 461 students from different courses at the Guilan University of Medical Sciences were selected based on a stratified random sampling method. The data collection tools included Palsane and Sharma Study Habit Inventory (PSSHI) with 8 areas (division of time, physical status, ability to read, noting, learning motivation, memory, exams, and wellness) and 45 items. The data from this research were analysed using mean descriptive and inferential statistical tests, standard deviation, Spearman’s correlation coefficient, and multiple regressions with a significance level of p The mean of the overall status of the students’ study habits was 48.35 ± 10.37 from 90. The academic performance of the majority (67.2%) of the students was estimated to belong to the intermediate level. Data suggests that the academic performance of the students had the highest correlation with the field of noting (p The results showed that the study habits of the students are at a relatively good or average level. In addition, owing to the existence of a significant relationship between study habits and academic performance, education administrators and planners can enhance student's study habits with the inclusion of appropriate educational content, especially their skills of noting and reading their notes, and thus improve their academic performance. There is a significant relationship between the study habits of students and their academic performance.

Cancer is a major health issue in Iran and in the rest of the world. Fatigue is one of the most complex and the most prevalent cancer-related problems that can affect various aspects of life for cancer patients. It can cause numerous problems.
The aim of this study was to determine the level of fatigue and its associated factors in patients with cancer.
In this descriptive-analytical study, 90 cancer patients referred to the oncology department in one of the teaching hospitals were assessed. The data collection tool was a questionnaire based on demographic information and the fatigue severity scale (FSS). This questionnaire consisted of nine questions with a numeric scale for answers ranging from 0 to 7. A score of 7 indicates the highest level of fatigue and 1 indicates no fatigue. The patients with above-average scores were considered to have fatigue and those with lower scores were considered to have no fatigue. To analyse the data, descriptive and inferential statistics (chi-square test, one-way ANOVA, and logistic regression) were used.
The mean age of the patients was 52.1 ± 14.4 years. The majority of the subjects were women (58.9%), married (91.1%), and with an educational level below diploma (40%). The average score of fatigue was 5.8 ± 0.54 out of 7. The results of the logistic regression model showed that the factors influencing cancer-related fatigue were the variable of unemployment (p =0.034, β= 1.1) and haemoglobin levels (p=0.049, β= 0.33).
The results showed that in addition to providing physical care and nursing interventions, it is important to consider demographic factors and psychological interventions for the comprehensive management of problems in cancer patients, particularly fatigue.

Poisoning is a major public health problem and one of the most common causes of child mortality, particularly in developing countries. Incidences of poisoning are variable according to the cultural and economic characteristics of particular communities.
The purpose of this study was to analyze cases of poisoning in children under 6 years of age underwent hospitalization in a health center of Rasht.
This study was conducted as a case-control study. The study included 2160 cases of hospitalized children under 6 years old. The study duration was 4 months. There were 2 groups, 70 children hospitalized because of poisoning (case group) and a control group of 105 people (1.5 times that of the case group) that consisted of children under 6 years of age and , non-hospitalized. Information gathered by questionnaire included; demographic information on individuals and families, as well as method of poisoning and the child's condition after hospitalization. Information was collected from interviews and medical records. Data were analyzed after collection using descriptive statistics (frequency distribution, means and standard deviation) and inferential statistics (chi-square tests, t-test).
The findings showed that most children (51.4 %) were between the ages of 1-3 years. Of the total sample 64.3 % were boys and 35.7 % were girls. In 80% of cases, poisoning was accidental and 97.1% were gastrointestinal in nature. In 51.4% cases, the cause was poisoning from medicine; 36.1% of cases were caused by methadone and in 17.1% of cases incidents had occurred in the kitchen. There was significant difference in both case and control groups in terms of father's level of education (P = 0.012) and mother's job (P = 0.025).
Results showed that the most common cause of poisoning in children aged 1-3 was from pharmaceutical drugs; determined by the side effects of poisoning. A low rate of parental awareness was considered to have contributed to these cases of poisoning so parental awareness was determined as significantly important for improving childcare in the study region.

Parental participation in the care of and support to premature infants is the main factor in accelerating health improvement and growth of infants in the neonatal unit. Many factors are associated with this participation, whose investigation provides appropriate contexts for parental participation.
The aim of this study was to determine the participation of mothers in the care of premature infants and factors associated with it.
Material and This is a cross-sectional descriptive–analytical study in which 170 mothers with premature infants, admitted to the neonatal ward of the hospitals chosen by the Guilan University of Medical Sciences, were examined using available sampling method. The information collection tool was a questionnaire of two parts: the questionnaire of the participation of parents with hospitalized infants and the researcher-made questionnaire of the factors associated with mothers’ participation in the care of premature infants. After sampling, the data were statistically analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistics (t–independent, ANOVA, Pearson and Spearman correlation coefficient, and regression models).
The results suggest that the participation rate of mothers in infant care is 79.03%, and the birth weight (ß = -0.001, P = 0.017), gender (ß = 0.830, P = 0.024), to become familiar with the physical environment by the nurse (ß = 1.506, P = 0.001), to become familiar with the equipment used for infants in the department by the nurse (ß = 1.152, P = 0.009), explanation by a nurse for the measurements done for the infant and the reasons (ß = 0.818, P = 0.023), and blood sampling or venipuncture or pricking the infant (ß = 0.185, P = 0.041), were considered among the predictors of mothers’ participation.
Due to the identification of factors associated with the participation of mothers in the care of premature infants, it is recommended that the managers and nurses use the results to improve and strengthen the participation of mothers in the care of hospitalized infants.