فصلنامه مطالعات راهبردی
سال دهم شماره 3 (پیاپی 37، پاییز 1386)

In Public and Political Circles and even in most scientific debates, sometimes the concepts of doctrines, policy and strategy have been applied so intertwined and with close meanings that distinguishing between their conceptual and theoretical boundaries have become a foundamental problem. In fact, theoretical and conceptual interference and ambiguity between doctrine, policy and strategy is a considerable scientific issue that must be taken into account In this article, while establishing a connection between these concepts and the concept of security, there is an attempts toward designing a theoretical boundaries between them. Accordingly, the auther triees to reassess the assumptions regarding ambiguity of security concept and interference of boundaries of security studies. In this basis, it can be said that security is a theoretical context and denomination of doctrine, policy and strategy.

Ted Robert Ger is one of the prominent researchers in ethnical studies that unlike modernist researchers don’t use only from one factor in explaining ethnical conflicts, but sees it as multilateral and multidimensional phenomena. In this article, after studing the main concepts of ethnical issues and different attitudes on it, varios ethinical groups in Ger's view have been discussed and then the main effective factors in shaping ethnical conflicts including prominence and importance of ethnical – cultural identity, motivations of ethnical – political action (Past grievances, fear from the future and hope for gain privilege), capacity of ethnical – political action and options and apportunities (apportunity structure) have been detailed and analyzed.

Geography of elections is one of the most relatively old concepts of the science of political Geography that assesses the interaction between space and place, electional processes, variety of decisions and vote results of voters of different regions, effectiveness of space differences of political behavior and shaping of polling stations. Deviding territory to Polling – stations with specific borders and in proportional with geographical charactristics, general acceptance and electorial laws are preconditions of election and appointing the representatives of the people. This geograplical limites as a context for electing representatives in various local, regional and national levels, have an certain effect on the combination and founction of political institutations of the state. Thus, dividing territory to polling – stations based on numerus territorial, cultural and populational factors and applying geographical information systems, is the main focuse of Geography of Elections.

This Article is seeking to propose the strategy of Islamic Solidarity in foreign policy of Islamic Republic of Iran towards Islamic States and beceuse of practical experiences of forign policy of Islami Republic of Iran in recent past three decades, it considers this approach more effective than strategy of Islamic solidiarity and the theory of Islamic Ommol Ghora (mother land of Islam). In this strategy, while considering normal and non – controversial issues, thore is an attempts to improve and enhance the greatness of Islamic World. Attaining this situation requires understanding own status and other states in the world and active, cooperative and agreed attempts towards developing and extending the power and wealth of Islamic States.

After Occupation of Afghanestan andIraqfollowing september 11 events, Unintentionally United States has enhanced the Position of Islamic Republic of Iran in the region. This unintentional consequence and Iran's attempt for achiving to nuclear energy, has forced America by overstating the threat of Iran for the region, to exploit from existed divides and paradoxes in the middle east for containment and underminng Islamic Republic of Iran. Accordingly, there woruld be a kind of convergence between America, Europe, Isreal, Arab States and sunni foundamentalists opposit Iran and shitte groups in Iraq and south lebanon that it is a threat against interests and national security of Islamic Republic of Iran.

In the early years of 21 Century, American public organizations launched an Overwhelming wave about the threat of dependence of America on the oil of states around the Persian Gulf and Called for adopting exact and long – term Policies in order to forestalling of a dangers arising from this dependence. Given that America's oil imports from persian gulf region only includes 11/2% of total oil imports of this country from the world and united states have strategic relations with most of states of the region and there have been created profound and continuous relationships between them, this question arise that what is the main cause of this concerns and policy – making in order to have further control on the oil rich region of persian gulf?In this article, references have been made on the international aims and Justifications of America in adopthing such policy towards persian gulf region and its consequences for this country and other international and regional actors have been evaluated.

Regarding Iraq War, there have been a conflict between two rival theory in International policy, namely realism & neo – conservatism. In view pf neo – conservatism, democracy is the most powerful political idealogy in the world. Accordingly, if united statetes attempts to build on a world based on democracy, peace will be developed. They stressed on the importance of development of democracy in the middle east by military means and occupation of iraq was one of the first steps in this regared. In contrast, realists believe that we do not live in a world based on opportunism but in a world based on balance of powers. In their view, the most powerful political idealogy is nationalism not democracy. Therefor, invading and occupying nations have very high costs and creating the conditions for developing nationalism and arising unstability