نشریه انسان و محیط زیست
سال نهم شماره 1 (پیاپی 16، بهار 1390)

This study is based on substitution of old diesel minibuses with new ones. For this purpose 400 minibuses of Iran Khodro Diesel and Zamiyad companies productions, have been selected to be substituted with old ones. The operation and providing cost of new minibuses along with the differences between social, maintenance and fuel costs of old existing minibuses and new ones were calculated. The present value of these differences, were determined during the lifetime of the project separately and then compared with each other. According to the results, Reducing in social costs substitution the 400 old minibuses with new ones during the 30 years is 7,096,314,816 Rial and the present value of fuel and maintenance costs differences are respectively 35,634,103,952 and 86,480,786,000 rial for 400 minibuses. The operation and providing cost of new minibuses are 239,411,200,000 for Iran Khodro Dissel and 282,163,200,000 Rial for zamiyad vehicles. The total cost of substitution the 400 old minibuses with new ones in Tehran is 110,199,995,232 Rial for Iran Khodro Diesel and 152,951,995,232 Rial for zamiyad minibuses. Totally, in spite of the considerable reduction of social, maintenance and fuel costs of this project but because of the high price of new diesel minibuses, it considers costly to be executed.

Qomrood is one of the rivers which has little water and it flows in the central part of Iran. This river flows from northern regions of Zargos Mountains and it joins Qarechi river in Masileh area and it flows to salt lake of Qom in north east of the city of Qom. Qomrood river is 19000 square kilometers and the length of its main branch is estimated to be 288 kilometers. This river flows from south east to north east. The main water of this river is provided by Golpayegan Dam. The main and major length of its region is 3724 meters and its minor length is 810 meters in the exit in Masileh area. Two main Dams of Panzdaheh Khordad dam with 200 million square meters capacity and Golpaygan dam with 5/46 million square meters capacity have been made in front of this river. The existence of agricultural land beside the river causes damages to this river. And the river has been made muddy, and it reduced the quality of the river while river has the least water in summer especially around Bahgherabad Bride is very much polluted. To preserve, and cleaning the Ecosystem of Qomrood river realizing the source of pollution around the river and clarifying the type, and amount of pollution and its entrance to river is very much important. Taking sample in accordance with its flowing and its minor branches, and industrial, and agricultural villages

This research was conducted to investigate land suitability classification for better use of agricultural lands and sustained crop production crops in Aq qaleh area, using geographic information system. Soil units were delineated bases on aerial photo interpretation, using topographic maps as auxiliary materials. Land suitability classification was done based on information extracted from soil map, using guidelines given in FAO (9). The rating given in sys et al (16,17) was used to match soil properties and crop requirements. The results obtained showed that climate and soil related factors constraint economic and sustainable production in this area. So that the majority of the studied area fall in land suitability class N2 for the selected crops. Even if soil salinity and sodicity, the two major soil limitation factors in the Aq qaleh area are removed, then the studied area is only marginally suitable for production of the rainfed wheat while rainfed barley and irrigated cotton can be grown expending moderate economic return. cities pollution and making the transportation easy and reaching to these sample making centers in different seasons and these places are selected because of its little distance to these centers of Hydrometers. Approximately, there are 8 to 12 centers in the length of Qomrood river and the amount of BOD5, COD,TURB, TEMP, COND, DO,PH have been tested, and from the objects (IDS) in Emamzadeh Abdullah (a.s) Qaleh cham, Khalajabad Bridge, receive the majority of these objects also the main dark TURB is in Qalehcham region Fara asphalte Bridge, Khalajabad Bridge Hamvarlakhah is more than the other centers and sand washing units cause these activities in this regions. Leading the water to panzdaheh khordad Dam and the water is influenced by salty lands menwhile entering the dirty water of Ro system to be cleaned to be cleaned and in Enghelab Bridge of this one of the reasons of increasing the EC of the water of the river. In the studies it has been clarified that agricultural, industrial, man made, and city pollution has made the Ecosystem of the river dirty. Entrance of pollution to the river causes the increase of chemicals and decrease oxygen of water, and it caused the death of water creatures specially fishes.

Devoting the most portion of expenditures of the solid waste management on the one hand, and the necessity of operation exploiting of this system with decreasing the spent time on the other hand have propound the optimization of solid waste collection and transportation system as a principle in designing and management With regard to performance of present solid waste collection and transportation system in Zanjan and lack of suitable organization, it is necessary to evaluate the advantages and disadvantages of the system with mathematical relations and GIS, afterwards, with regard to urban structure and tonnage of the produced solid waste, the most optimized management system must be presented. In this research karmandan town in the city of Zangan was chose as the pilot. Time data of the solid waste collection and transportation stages in the present routes of collection in karmandan the district of Zanjan was gathered within 10 minutes using two digital chronometers and was analyzed by mathematical relations, excel software and GIS. Thereafter, depending on this information such as density,

Population growth, industries development, water consumption increase of lotic water Pollution due to the lack of controlling output waste water of manufacturing plants, municipal and agricultural areas has decreased water quality. Among several pollutants, heavy metals in line of river self purification do not decrease and accumulate in river-bed sediments and aquatic animals’ body as well as causing biomagnifications by entering to the food chain. in this study, the capability of white water lily (Nymphaea Alba) has been surveyed in field of uptake and accumulation of heavy metals such as Pb, Cd and Mn (in form of synthetic to simulate with natural environment) in four concentration level such as 5, 2.5, 1 and 10 mg/l and 3 pH medium such as 6.5, 5.5 and 7.5 under the laboratorial conditions. The result of research according to the coefficient of correlation and cluster analysis statistical method shows that Cd and Mn accumulation level in water lily tissue decrease by increasing the metals’ concentration. The maximum of Mn accumulation (3.455 mg/gr) has been in Con. =1 mg/l and pH=7.5 and the maximum of Cd accumulation (0.55 mg/gr) has been in Con. =5 mg/l and pH=6.5. About lead, by increasing of Pb concentration, Pb uptake has decreased as well, but in Con. =10 mg/l and pH=5.5 has increased dramatically. The rest of mentioned heavy metals in laboratorial solutions have been had ascending trend by increasing the metal concentrations up to the end of 10 mg/l, but by increase of pH in each metal concentration has been had decreasing trend. Totally, the maximum of the rest of metals is related to Cd (3.38 mg/l) and the minimum is due to Mn (0.002 mg/l). By considering to the results, it could be understood that white water lily can be used as biological filter and phytoremediation method in order to heavy metals’ elimination from industrial waste water because of resistance against wetlands and lakes environmental conditions, quick growth, simple cultivation and its good adaptation with environment. population and the capacity of garbage production in present routes and using mathematical relation and GIS. Optimized system of solid waste was calculated and designed. The results of time evaluation of the present management system shows that the whole spent time for solid waste collection and transportation Karmandan town by garbage trucks takes 2 hours, 55 minutes and 42 seconds and the mean time of the trucks round trip per ton of solid waste In each journey is 11 minutes and 44 seconds. Considering locating of storages and assigning the optimized routs, solid waste collection system was calculated and designed using mathematical relation and GIS.. In this research designing solid waste collection system of karmandan town was also carried out and 60 containers with the capacity of 550 and 660 liters were located in the town. With designing optimized routs by GIS and trial and error method, there tracks including a reserved truck were calculated and recommended to collect the solid waste of karmandan town.

In this study species samples of the most consumed fishes, Sefid, with scientific name of Rutilus Frissi Kutum has been analyzed for concentraition on one of organochlorine pesticides as DDT.Samples have been captured on 5 staitions(Bandartorkaman, Khazarabad,Fereidunkener,Noor and Chalous)in two provinces in the south of caspian sea (Mazandaran and Golestan). Determination of this pesticide concentration was performed by gas chromatography equipped with electron-capture detector(GC-ECD).As result, average of DDT concentration in the samples of the whole area is about 0.0035 ppm per fat weight. Sample of chalous station has the highest concentration than the others (0.016 ppm per fat weight) and Bandartorkaman &Fereidun kener with 0.0003 ppm per fat weight have the minimum concentration.

Sludge, as an additional element in the process of treatment will cause numerous problems in long runs. Therefore, it has to be collected and disposed in sanitary ways. Disposing the sludge requires certain rules and it is often polluted by not following the environmental rules. Pollution will be transferred to human and agriculture crops through water and soil. The best method to control this problem is to utilize that material in an efficient way. In this paper, we proposed an efficient method to decrease the pollution of sludge obtained from Mashhad slaughter house, as an applicable sample, and we tried to optimize its usage in an efficient application. We sampled the sludge, obtained from the treatment process in Mashhad slaughter house, for several times. Then, we carried out the relative tests such as: chemical pollution (BOD, COD, PH, Nitrate, and phosphate), heavy metal (As, Hg, Ni, Mn, Cu, Pb, Cr, Cd, Co), microbiology pollution, and animal feeding tests on the sludge samples. The obtained results indicate that the sludge could be utilized as animal feed. We prepared the cattle ration by using the utilized sludge

Landscape lighting allows you to show off your home and enjoy the outdoors once the sun goes down. It can highlight trees or shrubs and give dramatic effect to fountains, statues or other landscape focal points. Various lighting techniques are used to persuade tree,bushes, gardend,stones,brickwork and structures to spring to life at night,While maintaining a safe oudoors environment for visitors.These enrichments are achieved through various lighting techniques such as up-lighting, down-lighting,moon-lighting, crosslighting, grazin,shadowing, path-lighting,backlighting and etc.Each technique requires attention to placement,brightness,beam width,angle,direction,and spacing to achieve the desired effects. The variety of fixtures and products offered by lighthouse landscape lighting provides a versatile system for stand-alone or combination lighting situations. For each technique there are fixtures that work better than others.To help you plan out your landscape lighting job,here is an assortement of different landscape lightinng techniques that will allow you to dramatically turn your home and garden in to an ev evening wonderland. as a portion. After cattle ration, the animal feed was prepared together with sludge and other elements. For measuring the value of the obtained ration, different experiments were conducted and outcome was compared with other factories’ concentrated animal feed obtained forms such as: rice bran, wheat bran, straw, sugar beet pulp and barley. By drawing the relative curves, results showed that, the sludge obtained from Mashhad slaughter house satisfied the animal feed standard rules and perform better than other factories’ products. To the best of our knowledge, our proposed method is the first research which studies the sludge obtained from the treatment process and tries to utilize its application efficiently in an animal feed ration which is very important and significant applicable research work.