نشریه انسان و محیط زیست
سال نهم شماره 4 (پیاپی 19، زمستان 1390)

Fossil fuels that are use for power generation in power plants in recent decays are finishing. In addition they are lot of pollution in environment. This pollution different ways are human health and environment. This damage imposes negative external costs that exceed private cost of power plants. The main goal of this paper is to calculated the social cost of Iranian fossil power plants based on coefficient of EPA, world bank and DOE in 1383.social cost of fossil power plant are natural gas power plant, diesel, combine cycle and steam power plants are analyzed. Results show that social cost combine cycle is least and their efficiency is more.

Back ground and Goal: Nowadays electrical industry is considered vital in Iran because of lost of occurring occupational accidents. Due to occupational accident, every year many electrical workers die or injury and unsafe acts, unsafe conditions and occupational stress are the basic and effective factors in enhancing the occurance of occupational accidents. The first and the most step in controlling of that is to detect the sources of dangers. In this regard, assessment of unsafe acts of electricity distribution workers of an electrical management is the aim of this study. Methods and material: Related data collected using safety behavior sampling techniques, standard occupational questionnaires and analytical index calculation of previous accidents years. Data collected randomly by use of excel. Then data analyzed with Mini Tab 14 and related exams. This study showed that unsafe condition in work circumstance, unsafe acts and occupational stress have direct and meaningful relationship with each other. The existence of unsafe condition in work circumstance affected increasing unsafe acts and was allotted 55 > of all occupational accidents. Besides, age academic degree, number of persons being under someone guardianship(p?0.01) and previous accidents showed a meaningful relationship. According to the results, It is vital to make safety cultural, capitalize on it, and managing a systematic plan in 3 categories. Creating the safe work circumstances, decreasing unsafe acts and stress control management to delete, decrease and control of effective factors in stress formation at electricity workers industry and to decrease unsafe acts.

Permit to Work (PTW) is a documented system in order to provide Written Instructions and Formally agreement to the personnel carrying out the hazardous job, or adefinedjobinahazardousenvironment, or both. PTW is necessary to safeguard personnel doing the work, safeguard others on the Installation, safeguard the Installation and the environment and comply with Company Standards; therefore, performance evaluation of PTW System to identify weaknesses and improve its function is important. The main objective of the present study is evaluation and comparative compare PTW System performance in an offshore oil platform. Method and Materials: In this study, PTW system Audit performed in the studied oil platform by SHELL’S Company check lists (Level 4/3/2 Audits). Quality results obtained from checklists divided into six categories, then In order to evaluate the studied PTW System the results of six categories above were scoring based on HSE-UK Scoring Mechanism. The results from audit showed noncompliance in PTW System at the following elements: risk assessment, training for permit Signatories, supporting documents, Hazardous Area Classification, monitoring and auditing systems and updated laws and regulations. Acquired score average 1.5 of 5, indicated that there is a significant gap between the exiting work permit with a work permit of SHELL Oil Company. Review of the PTW System by audit checklists indicated remarkably defects in all categories including: training, qualifications, PTW forms, coordination, monitoring and isolation system; Finally PTW system in studied oil platform was in very lower level than the permit system of SHELL Oil Company. Our findings from study indicate existing PTW System not effective in risk control at offshore installations and a new PTW system must be plane that contained the correction actions in the above categories.

ne of the aims of consuming urban purified sewage s using it for artificial injection of the plains without urface water flows. Using the sewage, specially in he plains where there is slump of underground water urface because of the irregular take of these waters, re more essential. The plain of Yazd-Ardakan as ne of the main plains of Yazd province has the main opulation, industrial and agricultural activities. Since 0 years ago, there has been a slump of underground ater surface because of the irregular take of water in he plain, so that the plain was forbidden since 1967 by inistry of Energy in order to prevent more slump in he water surface. tatistics indicate that the slump is continous. Low uality of some wells water and settling of the ground n some land of the region show that the situation is ritical. o using any kind of water resources especially refined sewage in order to reduce and compensate the slump of Yazd-Ardakan plain is suggested.

B>The destructive effects of air pollution on human ealth no one is wearing. The transport network anagement solutions to reduce pollution in etropolitan cities, including Tehran, especially buses nd bus stop within the city, including places where he main air pollutants generated from the point of easurement is important. metods: his was a cross-sectional study aims to determine he amount of gaseous pollutants and particulate matter PM10) in the open air bus stop within the urban as of East, West and South Tehran is to determine he amount of pollutants and pollution standard index PSI), air quality in these areas should be assessed. nalyzers using the digital measurement of gaseous ollutants (SAAF22M, SAAC32M, SACO12M, AO342M) and sampling PM10 (Low Sampler odel: BGIPQ100), the required sample taken from he summer 88 to spring 89. The PM sampling in a 4-hour period, 6 stations to sample the air gaseous ollutants in each 8-hour period (4 samples from each tation for 4,5,9 and 11 O’clocks), a total of 6 samples or particulate matter and 144 the sample gases at the nd of each season and 24 samples and 576 samples or gases and particles is obtained in one year. esearch result shows that the rate of gas missions in selected areas, the amount of pollution n any of the sites was not beyond the approved tandards. The particulate matter (PM10) pollution evels in the summer and fall of 88 in southern ehran 152/9! g/Nm3 and 163/1! g/Nm3, beyond he standard level.Using the survey results can be seful in devising management strategies to control nd reduce emissions with the aim of improving the ystem utilized.

This study conducted by the purpose of investigating agricultural wastes (usable in wood and paper industry) remained in farm lands which due to factors such as burning caused environmental contamination in Golestan province. In this way, from applicable findings, remained farm products in Golestan field such as wheat, rice and barely have been used. Study Result showed that about 1/3 of the agricultural plants stem in agricultural field remained and burnt without harvesting, including wheat, rice and barely. In this study, estimating amount of the wastes in one square meter area of the Golestan field randomly and finally in hectare level and total cities have been generalized. Results showed that the highest amount of burnt waste related to wheat straw and the lowest on related to rice straw.

Heavy metals are one of the most important soil pollutants. The increased level of them in environment in respect to their stability has led to researchers’ attraction at recent decades. the principal goal of present study is to determine the spatial distribution of heavymetals (Ni, Cr, Pb, Cu and Co) in surface soil of Hamadan county. For this Sampling was carried out based on systematic method from depth 0-20cm. heavy metals concentration and soil characteristics including PH, silt,clay and sand percentage were measured. Interpolation for heavy metals levels concentrations were done by geo-statistics methods. Different elements were interpolated through Radial basic function(RBF), Ordinary and Disjunctive Kriging and inverse distance weighting. The method accuracies were compared by using mean absolute error and mean bayas error. for heavy metal concentration maps, Cr,Co and Pb,we used (RBF),for Cu inverse distance weighting(IDW),for Ni ordinary krigingwith exponentialmodel.Overplaying heavy metals distribution maps with geology and land use maps showed that Cr, Co and Ni have geological origin, The highest levels of Lead concentration is controlled by geological formation, agricultural activities and also urban pollution. Cu have originated from bed rock. But, excessive consumption of chemical fertilizers according to agricultural activities can increase most of these elements in soil.

Semnan industrial estate with 2000 hectares is located in km 8 ofDamghan-Semnan road.At present time, 300 manufacturing units are active in this estate. Some of them are manufacturing of electronic, metal, chemical, textile, non-metallic mineral and lignocelluloses products. The investigations have shown that solid waste production and its improper disposal is one of the main important problems in the industrial estate. Material: In this study according to the available documents and field studies, solid waste were identified and classified basis on kinds, physical properties, recyclability, production place, offloading periodicity, temporary storage, transferring to the landfill. According to the quantitative and qualitative investigation, there are 32 types of recyclable wastes in the estate. Four main types of them are plastic, paper, metal and wood wastes with annual production of 1000, 1400, 8400 and 540 ton, respectively. With consideration of all determinants of recycling complex establishment, the paper wastes recycling plant is only recommended. Transfer of plastic and metal wastes to the neighbor industrial complexes and reuse of wood wastes are also proposed.

This research was conducted to investigate land suitability classification for better use of agricultural lands and sustained crop production crops in Aq qaleh area, using geographic information system. Soil units were delineated bases on aerial photo interpretation, using topographic maps as auxiliary materials. Land suitability classification was done based on information extracted from soil map, using guidelines given in FAO. The rating given in sys et al was used to match soil properties and crop requirements. The results obtained showed that climate and soil related factors constraint economic and sustainable production in this area. So that the majority of the of the studied area fall in land suitability class N2 for the selected crops. Even if soil salinity and sodicity, the two major soil limitation factors in the Aq qaleh area are removed, then the studied area is only marginally suitable for production of the rainfed wheat while rainfed barley and irrigated cotton can be grown expending moderate economic return.