نشریه انسان و محیط زیست
سال سیزدهم شماره 1 (پیاپی 32، بهار 1394)

Increasing greenhouse gases emissions and limited fossil fuel resources، are two of the most important challenges of the century. Thus، the use of renewable energy is quickly developing and progressing in most countries. One of the appropriate resources for supplying electricity is solar energy. Photovoltaic systems have several unique advantages including pollution-free industrial processes، small off-grid applications، and low cost of repair and maintenance. In this study، two photovoltaic power plants، each with 30 KW capacities، in Kerman and Sari cities were selected and their economic and environmental analysis were conducted based on climatic conditions and local solar radiation using Ret Screen software. Kerman City located in the best radiation zone of Iran with 5/2 Kwh/m2/day energy reception and Sari City situated in the least appropriate sun radiation zone with 3/9 Kwh/m2/day energy reception were selected in this study. Results revealed that the use of photovoltaic power plant would reduce CO2 emissions in Kerman and Sari by 36 and 9 tons per year، respectively. Also the payback period in Kerman and Sari would be 7/3 and 11/2 years. According to this research، the geographical location of the photovoltaic power plant is also very important. Thus، the payback period for Kerman was 4 years less than sari and the amount of Reduction CO2 emission in Kerman was 4 times higher than Sari.

Revealing changes is one the most fundamental needs in the management and assessment of natural resources. With regard to remote sensing images، it is then possible to prepare land-use change maps، which are the result of the change detection processes. It should be noted that different methods have been presented to detect changes and developments of land-uses. The purpose of this study is prepared Mighan wetland –land use mapping in 2013 and Comparison of supervised and fuzzy classification methods. In this study، Mighan Wetland changes as well as its land-use and land-cover improvements were obtained through using OLI Landsat satellite images in 2013. Then، the images were geometrically and radiometrically corrected using appropriate algorithms. Subsequently، training samples were classified in five land-use classes based on fuzzy and supervised classification methods. After applying fuzzy classification and land use map was prepared on the Satellite image OLI. The classification accuracy was evaluated were to do a statistical profile accuracy and precision manufacturer for each of the classes was determined using Finally، the overall accuracy، the accuracy of the maps fuzzy and supervised classification was determined. Evaluating the accuracy of these two methods through determining the overall accuracy the results revealed that supervised method with an overall accuracy of 84. 91 and kappa value of 0. 7861 is more accurate than the fuzzy method with an overall accuracy of 83. 49 and kappa value of 0. 7667.

Base cation leaching as a process affecting nutrient transport، has a key role in preventing of soil macro element loss (especially in poor soil) that varies result in interaction relations of soil، climate and biological activity over time. So the objective of this study was to investigate monthly variation of base cations (calcium، magnesium، sodium and potassium) of shallow (0-10 cm) and deep (10-50 cm) soil leaching in the mixed beech-hornbeam stand located in district one of Shastkolate forest، Golestan province. Samples of different layers of soil leaching were taken after each rain from 2008/12/21 to 2009/12/21 and were studied in the laboratory. To investigate the monthly variation of base cation leaching، we used one way variance analysis and for mean comparison we used Duncan''s test at the 95% level confidence. Result showed amounts of base cation leaching of soil layers in various months were different significantly. The least leached cation in shallow (in October) and deep soil (September، October and November) was for magnesium. Also the most leached cation in shallow soil was for potassium in August (8. 54 kg ha) and in deep soil was for calcium in December (6. 39 kg ha).

The using of plant growth promoting rhizobacteria in order to biological remediation and/or improvement the efficiency of other bioremediation methods of heavy metals contaminated soils has great advantages such as environmental friendly، low cost compared to physical and chemical remediation methods of metal contaminated soils، promotion of soil fertility، raise the biodiversity and etc.. Because of their tolerance to heavy metals، this rhizobacteria are able to adsorb or absorb metal pollutants and also can reduce metals to less toxic forms and thus remediate or immobilize metal. Furthermore، plant growth promoting rhizobacteria have the ability to enhance the plant growth on metal contaminated soils through various mechanisms such as fixation of atmosphere N2، phosphate solubilization، secret of Fe-chelating siderophores، and production of growth promoting hormones like auxin and gibberellin and prevention of excessive synthesis of ethylene by enzyme ACC-deaminase and thus، increase the phytoremediation efficiency of these soils. Hence، in this study، we have a brief review on the role of plant growth promoting rhizobacteria in remediation of heavy metal contaminated soils and also their effect on improve the phytoremediation efficiency of metal pollutants

From most important Climate challenges in the urban environment are strong winds and prevalent winds. The winds of change and movement in relation to roads، crossings and the urban sprawl as an environmental problem have been studied. One of the cities with considerable frequency in the strong winds in Iran West is Nahavand that has been studied as an example. Windrosees plotted for the period 1996 to 2005 represents that the most frequent winds occur frow West direction and has been the strongest winds in March. Chief streets has locate parallel to movement of prevalent wind. This problem causes strengthen wind flow within the city. In this city descriptive two patterns of wind effect have formed that one is street parallel to prevalent wind and other is urban narrow passages between two rows from buildings with vertical angle. in both of case wind flow was transferred with the pressure and high speed of the. The wanted effect of wind in the city have been reducing air pollution and its adverse effects، the sidewalks and traffic disturbance، soil particles conveyance into the city، breaking branches and create coldwind in March.

Disasters have caused 1. 2 million fatalities and 1. 7 trillion damages (USD) in the world during 2000-2012. Depending on the nature and severity، disasters can generate large volumes of debris and waste. Values of between 30 and 113 t/household can be used to estimate the amount of debris of a damaged house and building. The waste can overwhelm existing solid waste management facilities and also impact on other emergency response and recovery activities. Thus، management of construction and demolition (C&D) wastes is one of the most important action should be done. Disaster waste management actions include three major phases as follow: 1) Emergency phase، 2) preliminary recovery phase، and 3) final recovery phase. In this article، technical options of disaster waste management have been studied such as: estimation methods of C&D waste amounts، planning and management need in emergency، temporary storage in transfer stations، disposal، reuse and recycling of the wastes، prioritization of actions. Studies show that many types of C&D waste، such as bricks، blocks، concrete، asphalt، plasterboard، tiles، and iron sheets، can be recycled or reused for different application including: landfill waste cover، concrete aggregate، building and road base material، production of cement، soil drainage improvement، ingredient/additive in the production of fertilizer and compost