نشریه انسان و محیط زیست
سال چهاردهم شماره 4 (پیاپی 39، زمستان 1395)

Corrosion and precipitation are the most important factors in the quality control of drinking water networks play an important role in the transmission system and distribution of water in transmission system and the distribution of water in terms of health and economic aspects can play.The aim of this study was to determine the potential for corrosion and perecipitation of drinking water used in Ghaemshahr villages, that was done in 2015.
Physical and chemical quality samples and the potential for corrosion and precipitation were determined by Langlier, Rayzner, Puckorious, Aggressiveness, and Larsson.
Results indicate that mean and standard variation for Langlier index is 0.052 and 0.43, for Rayzer index is 6.99 and 0.78 for aggressiveness index is 5.85 and 0.81 for Larsson indexrespectivity is 0.47 and 0.24.
According to these finding it was concluded that drinking water of Ghaemshahr villages was mild precipitation.

The 21 century encounter with many challenges which the most important challenges are environmental topics such as deforestation and marshlands destruction and it’s consequences( flood, drought and dust). The Mesopotamian marshlands as the biggest middle- east aquatic ecosystem has been placed as exoreac basin in south of Iraq and small part of south-western of Iran. These marshlands have been make one of the most dynamic fresh water ecosystems in the world in regional- local scale because of their great area, moist stability and adjancent with permanet rivers. These ecosystems have very important role and position in environmental refining and economical life of region, because of their valuable ecological hydro- climatic potentials. In recent decades, the qualitative changes resulting from undesiable human- natural processes have had the important effects on construction and function of this complex, and the role of marshlands has been coverted from dust stabilization and environmental refining in to origin and center of regional dust.
This investigation with analytic- documentary statistical method, study the degradation and instability trend of Mesopotamian marshlands as one of the factors increasing dust in Iran.
The result indicated that marshlands have been experienced many gradual and sudden changes. The most important factors foe these changes consist of hydro- climatic changes, infrostructure affairs development( dams and drainage), environmental threats( political and military tensions and drought) and human pollutants types( agricultural, industrial and domestic) which should be consider in regional- local hydropolitic management and planning for improvenental stability of marshlands and consequently, decreasing dust phenomena occurrence. This research indicated that satellite images have capability to reveal and describe the temporal- spatial variation of Mesopotamian marshlands.

Water is one of the most important natural resources on the planet Earth. Water is limited and has effective role in the sustainable development of societies. Consume behavior of people towards water depends on their attitude and teir awareness of water issues. This research examined the factors affecting rural women's attitudes towards water. The type of the research was objectively applied and used field work for gathering data through a descriptive-survey research method. The study population included all households living in 125 villages of Shirvan County which had piped water. Random cluster sampling was used to select 223 women as needed samples. The research instrument was a questionnaire which its content validity was confirmed by university academics and experts of water organization. Reliability of questionnaire was evaluated by calculating Cronbach's alpha coefficient. Data analysis was performed using SPSS statistical software. The results showed that rural women's attitudes towards water can be assessed at moderate level. There were no significant relationships between age, level of education and cost of consumed water with attitude towards water. But people with higher incomes had more unfavorable attitude towards water. Present article suggests considering educational programs to promote rural women's attitudes towards water and doing research on the correlation between attitudes towards water and water consumption behavior

Environmental resources are valuable assets in the world which should be protecting as one of the human's main efforts. Nowadays, economic development, population growth and increasing of life business caused to increase the demand for recreational uses in natural areas. Analyzing of recreational demand factors in Iran indicated that need for outdoor recreation have been increased rapidly. Therefore, attention to the visitor's needs and preferences are very important as the main users. Recreational Opportunity Spectrum (ROS) approach is a comprehensive method to determine and allocate recreational area with a range of recreational opportunities in terms of the environment suitability and people's needs and preferences. In the present study the ROS approach have been described for recreational area management. This approach is based on the expectancy value theory and has been described by confirming that recreational behavior is goal-oriented and aimed at need satisfaction. ROS linked visitor's experiences with biological, physical and management attributes of settings. This approach has been prepared a map including 6 classes of recreational Opportunities in a range of primitive and undeveloped to modern and developed use. Recreational areas managers can protect recreational resources and provide people needs and preferences in recreational using ROS areas.

Almost three decades ecological revolution has begun; In fact, this revolution took place in the 1960s, at this time of only economic criteria were measured and damage caused to environment and natural resources does not count, but the spread of environmental issues in the world especially Europe, sustainable development issues were proposed. The new paradigm called sustainable development to deal with patterns of production, distribution and consumption incompatible with the nature paid. Rupture human relation to nature, as a result of technology development – knowing or unknowing – in many cases leading to imbalance in the environment and has been the manifestation of various environmental destruction. However, before the development of modern industry, dominated by the nature of human life, much more than the human domination of nature. Therefore were scientists and environmental groups, order to balance of the relationship between man and his natural environment and reconciliation between modern man and nature, human and nature coordination and alignment, and an end to the crisis of the century proposed different perspectives. Among these Eco villages in the world are distributed and enjoyed greater popularity. This study aimed to identify and survey the various components of their Eco villages as well the criteria and characteristics of this type of settlements. For recognize the characteristics of these types of settlements referred to documentary method and websites. The most important feathers of Eco villages dimensions of sustainable development and particular attention to its ecological dimension.

Today, the environment is faced with increasing challenges and dilemma. Much of the current environmental dilemma, rooted in a lack of awareness of villagers in dealing with the environment. In thil regwd, training can be an effective approach to promote environmental awareness. This will strengthen the culture of environmental protection in rural communities. The purpose of this paper is to Analysis viewpoint of training the villagers to protect the environment of rural areas: city Rezvanshahr. The aim of this research is applied and the method is descriptive-analytic. In this study, statistical population is 14 rural areas of Rezvanshahr with 4202 families (14664 persons). Based on revised Cockran Formula, sample size of 232 was determined and after measuring the validity and stability (alpha 0.764) questionnaires were distributed. In order to achieve the required data for study of variables used in research, we used survey methods and documents and to study and analyze information and data, we used Spearman correlation test and chi-square (x2) in softwares Excel and Spss.The findings show that with 95% confidence, education leads to rural empowerment in environmental protection toward sustainable development, and as so there is a positive and significant relationship with 95% confidence among interest in the environment, the environmental training, mass media environmental training and the role of villagers in protecting the environment