نشریه انسان و محیط زیست
سال شانزدهم شماره 1 (پیاپی 44، بهار 1397)

The environment is one of the critical and most vulnerable aspects in villages which the present study has been done to investigate factors influencing the village governors’ participation in the protection of the rural sari’s city. The study adopted an applied descriptive-correlation approach as its methodology. The statistical population of the study consisted of all the village governors in Sari summing up to 249 among whom 129 subjects were selected using Cochran formula. In order to reach an optimal sample size, 30 others were added to the sample and a total of 159 subjects were considered as the study sample. To select the subjects, the stratified proportional random sampling was also used. The data collection tool was a researcher-made questionnaire the content validity of which was estimated using agricultural extension experts’ approval and the reliability was assessed to be 0/85 using Chronbach’s alpha coefficient and a total of 130 questionnaires were filled and responded. According to the findings, there is no significant correlation between age, income, working record and employment characteristics and environmental protection. There is a significant positive correlation at 1 percent error level between the social, educational, economic and attitudinal factors contributing to the environment protection. Based on the results of the ordinal regression analysis, 36 percent of the criterion variable variance (participation in environmental protection) is explained by the economic, social, attitudinal and educational variables which were significantly correlating with the dependent variable.

One of the forms of temperature variations is the sudden fluctuations of temperature, in particular the drop to the freezing point. The freezing is referred to as a condition in which the temperature of the earth's surface and the objects in contact with it is reduced to zero or less than zero degrees Celsius. This study has been done to investigate the temporal and spatial distribution of start and end frost during 1989-2011 in Khorasan Razavi province. Thus, the long-term daily minimum temperature data from 10 synoptic and evaporation stations including Mashhad, Golmakan, Kashmar, Neishaboor, Sarakhs, Gonabad, Sabzevar, Torbatjam-e-Jam, Torbat-e Heidarieh and Quchan have been used. To determine the beginning and end of frost days, the days converted into Julian day and then Minitab and ArcGIS software were used for charting and mapping the spatial and temporal distribution of frost. The result showed that in the northern regions compared with western and southern regions, the frost began earlier and ends later. Frost period in the province increased from south to north, and it would limit the growth period in these areas. Frequency of freezing in the northern areas is more than southern and western parts.

Although economic development and growthing business activities and markets along with economic growth and the social walfare human beigns has taken pleace, but with the pressure on the natural systems of the planct and have been used none renewable natural resourses, which load to more extraction natural resources, accumulation of waste materials and destruction of the environment. This paper referring to accounting for environmental management, as one of the influential factors in environmental management and natural resources explains, the concept of green product design and operational process on the use of company products. The results show that green production processes to environmentally friendly product design, to analyze the situation and selection criteria and evaluation of plans for the replacement, to finally the products with positive effects on corporate performance, and the value in the supply chain to achieve green management.

Shirkouh mountain is located in Yazd province and is surrounded by arid and semi- arid regions. In fact, it means that this area is the coldest part of Yazd province. The geographic location of this mountain made it a very sensitive ecosystem. Due to these reasons, its vegetation cover plays a very important role in weather conditions and welfare of people living around.
In present study some elements such as satellite images, Remote Sensing technology and Geographic Information System (GIS) were used for surveying climate changes. In this regard, the relationship between climate and temperature changes (as an indicator of climate) and changes in the amount of vegetation in two hot and cold months were obtained using the sampling and satellite data.
The results showed that in April from low temperature to the high temperature NDVI index increased but in Jun, NDVI will increased before 11°and after that this amount will decreased.
The NDVI in same type of plant was different in various classes of temperature ranges. This NDVI difference in various temperature classes in April (Colder period) was more visible than Jun (Warmer period). So it can be inferred that NDVI changes in the same vegetation type in different periods of the year is not change regularly because of elevation and temperature changes. The difference between the hot and cold habitats in a mountainous area can be reduced by increasing the ambient temperature, which is an appropriate indicator to assess the effects of climate change.

Due to the importance of monitoring the biodiversity and surveillance of ancient monuments and the growth of some types of lichens on the rocks of stone surfaces in the historical village of Kandovan, the lichenic biofilm of the rocks were studied. The study area was divided based on the particular situation of the village. After isolation, the isolated lichens were documented then identified on the basis of morphological, anatomical and chemical characteristics. Regarding the different distribution patterns of lichens in the rocky areas of the village, it was attempted to investigate its relation with environmental factors and human activities. The results showed that more than 42 different types of lichen have been colonized as stone biofilms and biodiversity on the rocky surfaces in the Kandovan village. The 9 selected species are presented for the first time as the common species in this habitat stone surfaces which have an important role to create biofilms and change the appearance of the rocks. Ecological factors governing on Kandovan, including climate, architecture and human activities can affect the biodiversity and development of the lichens. However, the evaluation of their influence on biodeteration or protection of the stones warrants further investigation.

For many years, humanity has used the nature for its development, but unbridled development after industrial revolution has left such a destructive effect on the planet that not only the same methods by poor countries for development are impossible, but it seems selfish action also in today's conditions. Hence, in recent decades sustainable development is presented as a solution. On the one hand, environmental law is an important key for supervision and management of sustainable development. These rights are effective in determining policies and environmental protection measures as well as rational and sustainable use of natural resources. Declarations of Stockholm 1972, Rio 1992, Johannesburg 2002 and Rio have been mentioned that achieving sustainable development requires environmental protection and orientation of international environmental law is in line with the concept of sustainable development. But in practice, it seems that the sustainable development faces with challenges at the global level. One of the most important of such challenges is the contrast between development and the environment in both developed and developing countries. One of the most dependable sources to deal with these threats and regulate the behavior of international law followers, is international environmental law. Therefore, this article attempts to analyze the binding and non-binding instruments in the field of international environmental law for achieving sustainable development.

Today, regardless of the legal issues of natural resources and the environment especially in rural planning policy is not possible to achieve sustainable development in the debate over the country and to understand this fact that the natural resources in our country has been limited the process of renewable done slowly or sometimes cannot be restored because of degradation. Therefore, a set of different executive agencies in the development process should be done in accordance with commensurate with status of resources. This paper, With a view to past and present status of the country's natural resources, has tried in the laws governing the exploitation of these resources, especially in rural and tribal communities that has described the relationship between rural and nomadic farmers, livestock and natural resources, and the past and present these resources, including forests, grasslands, deserts and watershed management and land property rights system in Iran and then stated in detail the issue of transfer of land and its effect on the degradation of natural resources and the phenomenon of land speculation and finally referred to the Pathology department of natural resources legal policy in relation to rural and tribal society and its difficulties and problems of this sector and the weakness and ambiguity in these rules and need for its revision.

Nowadays, environmental awareness as one of the weaknesses in the management of municipal solid waste is considered. The study was a cross-sectional study was conducted in 1393. For the combined method (method, field, library and documentary, analytical and descriptive) was used. To investigate the contribution of Abadan in the management of solid waste questions in the questionnaire items and Likert five spectral survey of residents in urban areas were used. Accordingly, 383 questionnaires were collected and distributed throughout the city. According to the general theory study of the one-sample T-test was used. In order to evaluate the effect of gender on the participation of T test and impact of education, employment status, income, age structure and status of the contribution of ANOVA test was used. Scheffe's test was used to examine the association between level of education and income levels of participation were used. Thus, the highest participation of citizens in waste management Abadan mean was 3.25 for housewives. The age structure of participation is not effective and the most willing to participate in the Group income (in Toman) of a million to one million five hundred thousand were determined. As a result development and implementation of the operational plan in the field of culturalization and awareness level raising in order to participate more citizens among unemployed, businessman, governments jobs, students and different level income include lower and upper wage between people of Abadan is centralized.

Food processing plants consume huge amount of energy for converting raw material to final product so food industry accounts as one of seven high consumption industries. This industry as well as high energy requirement, producing large amount of solid and liquid wastes. These wastes basically contain biodegradable organic compounds that their discharge to environment could cause serious pollution. Generally, large amount of these solid wastes discharge to landfill and liquid ones to rivers and oceans without any treatment. Recently, the strict environmental legislations restrict discharge of wastes to environment, so discharge of these materials is a big challenge for food industry. (Increasing the price of fuel and high cost of energy, encourage the researchers for finding approaches for producing low cost and green energy sources from food wastes). In this article some of the most important ways for converting food wastes to different form of energy such as biodiesel, Gasification, Anaerobic digestion, Thermal liquefaction and ethanol production is discussed.

Forest roads make access for people who want using the gift of forest. Experts believe that one of the ways that can encourage visitors to experience promenade more visible is to use developed, targeted and desirable pedestrians. Using them can access to the most attractive locations of promenade in a controlled way. The study area (Patom district of Kheyrud forest) which is partly faced toward north and has Caspian Sea view is capable of promenade attractions. In this study, first of all, after going through the path in Patom district of Kheyrud forest, we collected information and then by using Arc GIS software, the layer's slope and soil maps were prepared to specify appropriate locations for designing walk ways, and to specify the capability of existed path for tourism usage. Also scenic views were located and the quality and the specifications of views that specified the related table of view's specs, were defined. After data study and making sure that they are normal, SPSS software was used for path widths. The study results were showed that the average width difference with standard was 1.5 meter which was about one percent (p

Due to the increase in human activities, the destructive impact on the environment is not limited to a particular region of the world. Including the destructive impacts are entering non-native plant species around the world during the last 200′ years with the spread of agriculture, increase the exchange of goods, augmented human activities as well growth environmental destruction, it's increasing.
One of the damages that, especially in recent years has been considered, is the arrival of non-native plant species (invasive) water hyacinth to the natural ecosystems. It was observed the first time in 1390 in Rasht Eynak lagoon, due to the high rate of growth and reproduction, these could in a short time, the, whole surface of the Eynak lagoon where the seen for the first time in the province's natural areas, cover up.
Studies show, water hyacinth, has the ability to Attracting and purification heavy metals, but The presence of aberrant because of the severity ability to reproduce and adapt it, as an green Iron Glove can be throat of life-life species including fish and plants, directly and with disruption of the food chain for birds and other compact creatures killed them
As a result of not dealing with non-native and invasive species in wetlands will lead to a slow death. In this paper, the distribution of the species Considered in province then Short-term and medium-term control measures are described.

Education about environment as a lifelong process that an important partofit has been done in the school environment and has an undeniable role in improving environmental issues. Hence, review of environmental education and its impact on environmental protection is important. Therefore, the aim of this paper is to investigate the role of education about environment on conservative behaviors of environment among the girl students in Ilam City. The method is analytical-descriptive. 360 of students were chosen as the sample and they were given the standard questionnaires by Stratified Sampling Method. The population includes all the girl high school students of Ilam City which 360 of them were chosen as the sample. The data was gathered from the libraries and by field study. Validity of the questionnaire was confirmed by teachers and experts and its reliability was 0.855 by Cronbach's alpha which shows high reliability. To analyze the data, one-sample T-test, correlation and regression (Anova) were done in SPSS software. The findings reveal that the awareness of students about general and special affaires of environment is low. The positive modern attitude toward the environment and environmental education was rejected in regression equation and only the environmental literacy had a positive effect on environmental behavior. On the whole, according to the counted coefficient of determination, these three variables play a role just 25 percent in having an environmental behavior and the rest refers to the factors not covered in this research Due to limitations issue.