فصلنامه پژوهش های فلسفی - کلامی
سال هفدهم شماره 4 (پیاپی 68، تابستان 1395)

In the aesthetic perspective of the early Wittgenstein, aesthetics is a way of "expressing" the mystical and factuality of the facts. Accordingly, a work of art is an object that viewed from sub space aetenitutis. Sub space aetenitutis viewing means seeing the world as a finite whole. Therefore propositions concerning empirical realities are in the world, metaphysical subject is in the boundary and unspeakable things and ultimate values such as religion, ethics and aesthetics are out of it . When we see the things from this perspective, forget all of the everyday profits and losses of them and elevate them from the facts in the world. Hence, we see the things with wonder and finite laudatory amazing in the finite whole framework. A work of art shows the wholeness of the world therefore illustrates the meaning of it. Similarly ethics as an and showable truth, represents high values outside the world. unspeakable
Based on early Wittgenstein, if the moral propositions are nonsensical and moral education materializes only by examples and typical specimens, so art is a best example.

Canadian Philosopher, John L. Schellenberg proposed and formulated “Hiddenness Argument” in 1993 for the first time. He states in this atheistic argument that God did not provide sufficient evidence for His existence at least to some people for some times, and therefor He is hidden. Schellenberg, according to his argument that based on God’s perfect love, believes that if He was loving people as his creatures, then He would provide sufficient evidence for his existence to them and therefore He wasn’t hidden. But God didn’t provide any evidence to them, therefor He doesn’t perfect lover and disbelieving in His existence is rational and inculpable. Schellenberg believes that Divine Argument justifies atheism and he, based on it, refutes the existence of God. Paul K. Moser, contemporary American philosopher in his reorientation to religious epistemology, rejects the Schellenberg’s View. Rejecting the evidence for hiddenness, Moser believes that there are sufficient evidence for the existence of God. But these evidence, according to Moser, differ very much with what the people naturally expects. He, based on volitional knowledge, believes that it is the God, but not human, who determine the genuine authority and resource for kinds of evidence and its evaluation. So Moser doesn’t consider divine argument, which formulated based on human authority, successful in justification of divine hiddenness and in refutation of God’s existence.

One of the main issues on the foreknowledge that the Imams (AS) to unseen world is absolute or limited? The important thing is that the verses and hadiths, there apparently different interpretations. The verses and hadiths from the perspective of the unseen and the words we speak, Tabatabai and his students.
The unseen features and steps such as unseen levels of attention as in the past and the future, science books, knowledge, science and proven to fade tablet, Decrees, certain of God, like the resurrection, of the nature of the substance.
The reasons are twofold: First, rational and philosophical arguments based on the power and perfection of the soul in connection origin are excellent. Second, anecdotal evidence that some general knowledge of the unseen except Allah rejected and some knowledge of the conditions for prophets and saints demonstrate. The sum of these two categories of solutions have been proposed, including: the division of independence and consequential, Decrees and fade-proof, the distinction between the meanings of the unseen and the like.

Bringing up Epistemological reliabilism theory based on virtue, Linda Zagzbsky has tried to solve conflict among Introspective and external epistemological theories. She has used the main elements of Aristotle's moral theory of virtue oriented as moral and intellectual virtues and vices, conscience and affection to solve the conflict. Reliabilism theory based on virtue resembles Introspective theories in obtaining the components of the task orientation, determination orientation and awareness Of subject in knowledge. Its abonnement with Introspective theories is attention to causal effect of external factors out of belief on the formation of the belief. And has been successful to some extent in conflict resolution.

Regarding the attributes of essence which encompasses seven attributes i.e. knowledge, power, life, will, speech, hearing and seeing, there are three main viewpoints; Islamic philosophers prior to Mollasadra and Imamietheologists have chosen the identity between attributes and essence.A group of non-imamietheologists like Asha’are and Keramie believed attributes to be additional to the essence and other groups like Mo’tazele preferred the idea of essence to be the representative of attributes. Having refuted the viewpoint of non-imamietheologists, Mollasadra believed in the identity between attributes and identity between them and essence. Establishing the principles such as simplicity of essence, originality of existence, grading in existence and so forth in every corner of his works, he presented numerous reasons to back up his claim. In some reasons, with disproving the attributes to be additional to the essence, he proved his claim and in some others directly believed the attributes to be identical to essence. In line with the discussion, the issue of attributes of essence, additional attributes, negative attributes and action attributes were discussed and resulted that with Sadra analysis, additional and negative attributes are identical to the essence of necessary; and action attributes as referring to the power attributes became identical to the necessary. In the end, we sought the viewpoint of religious texts regarding the relation between prime attributes. It was concluded that religious teaching supports the identity between attributes and essence.