مجله پزشکی قانونی
سال بیستم شماره 2 (پیاپی 70، تابستان 1393)

Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) is one of important molecular methods that let us to understand more about molecular aspects of cells. DNA is the most important part of PCR reaction، that its quality and amount has direct effect on final results. In this study، we aimed to develop a protocol for extracting DNA from samples of tooth and bone belong to 3600 years ago. After grilling and cleaning all surface parts of bones and teeth we used buffers for removing calcium and other PCR inhibitors; then، we used Silica beads for collecting all DNA in our samples. DNA extraction amounts were 37ng/µl، 25ng/µl، 7ng/µl، 32ng/µl، 18ng/µl، 42ng/µl. In 67% of samples، we had extractions with high purity according to nano-drop results. Extracted DNA were examined for Real Time PCR، beta-actin gene that we had good results. Results of this study showed that this developed protocol has a good yield of DNA with enough purity and removing PCR inhibitors. We recommend this protocol for applying in same samples and studies.

When children suffer severe genetic disorders and require stem-cell transplantation، compatible donors may be unavailable. Then preimplantation genetic diagnosis (PGD) may identify some whose gestation and birth would produce unaffected newborns، and placental and cord blood from which stem-cells compatible for implantation in sick siblings can be derived. Discarding of healthy but unsuitable embryos and choosing one for the siblings’ end is the matter of ethical concern. This study was performed to evaluate the different views for PGD. A 5 question questionnaire was used، that we could understand the degree of their opinion with a score (-2،-1،0،+1،+2). This questionnaire was distributed among ordinary people، university students (not medical)، medical university students، diagnosed patients (AML، CML، NHL، and HL)، teachers of religion and educational hospital attending. Number and percentage of each score in each group was calculated. Among 502 ordinary people the mean score was -0. 66، this rate was +0. 96، +1. 52، 0. 02، -0. 74، +1. 02 among non medical university students، medical students، patients parents، religion teachers and attending respectively. Religious reasons (42%) among negative opinions and humanity reasons (53%) among positive opinions were the most. The highest mean score belonged to medical students and the lowest was religion teachers’. In a religious country religion is influencing people’s opinions and this should be of a great importance. But parents with a patient child shouldn’t deprive a method may change their lives and the child’s life forever.

Regarding the process of transsexuality as a topic in the domain of sex study is not well-cared so far in different cultures. The present research aims to investigate the social causes expending the tendency sex change surgery among transsexual youth in province Tehran. Descriptive and survey methods were used to analyze data collected through questionnaires. The population included 312 transsexuals referring to Welfare Organization of Tehran. A sample of 150 cases was selected through Cochrane''s sampling formula. Independent variables included culture، socio-economic status، religious values، civil-jurisprudence knowledge، and political sway. Sexual change (from male to female and vice versa) was regarded as the dependent variable. Results analyzed through the use of statistical tests and software SPSS. Regarding the correlation coefficient obtained، the findings show that there is a significant relationship between، 1. Parental absence (female to male: 0. 61) (male to female: 76)، 2. Family support (female to male: 0. 43) (male to female: 0. 53)، 3. Family satisfaction (female to male: 0. 37) (male to female: 0. 31)، 4. Life expectancy (male to female: 0. 64 ((female to male: 0. 53)، 5. Labeling (female to male: 0. 69) (male to female: 0. 73) 6. Adherence to traditional values (female to male: 0. 59) (male to female: 0. 70) 7. Employment (female to male: 0. 59) (male to female: 0. 63)، 8. Income (female to male: 0. 89) (male to female: 0. 91)، 9. Education (female to male: 0. 67) (male to female: 0. 55)، 10. Adherence to religious beliefs and values (female to male: 0. 73) (male to female: 0. 66)، 11. Non-existence of legal laws and acts (female to male: 0. 39) (male to female: 0. 26)، 12. Performance of governmental organizations on one hand and tendency to sexual change on the other hand (female to male: 0. 39) (male to female: 0. 33). The present study confirms that the most effective and important cause tendency in expenditing sex change surgery was include income level، the absence of either per both parents، stigmatizing and adherence to religious beliefs minimum cause was family satisfaction that: 1- with financial support and public insurance and development of special hospitals 2- by giving information to families، 3- for acceptance by the society، Can to help them (some of people with gender identity disorder)

Aluminum phosphide (ALP) is an inorganic phosphide used to control insects and rodents in a variety of settings. In has extensive domestic consumption، commonly for storing rice in Iran. In this study we objectively demonstrate the frequency of fatal complications of poisoning due to aluminum phosphide (ALP) in patients referred to Loghman Hospital''s Center for Toxicological، Tehran، Iran. Aluminium phosphide is an inorganic compound، used as a rodenticide، insecticide، for stored cereal grains. In Iran Known as «rice tablet، for its use to preserve rice. The toxicity of aluminium phosphide is attributed to the liberation of phosphine gas in contact with with water or weak acid and is the major cause of poisoning and deaths. Rice tablet (Alminume Phosphid) poisoning may be associated with Serious and sometimes incurable complications. The aim of this study، is to assess the Prevalence of complications leading to death in patients with acute Alminume Phosphid poisoning A retrospective cross sectional study of 111 self-poisoned patients with history of single agent “Rice Tablet” ingestion admitted to Loghman–Hakim hospital poison center، Tehran، Iran، along two years period، from، 1392-1389. Out of 111 patients included in this study، 60 patients (54. 1%) were male and 51 patients (45. 9%) were female with Mean age and standard deviation of 26±8. 9. Minimum and maximum age rang was between 15 and 43 years. Uniform ingestion were reported in 61. 3% (68 patients). Dose consumption ranges from ¼ tablet in 39 (35. 1%) case to more than one tablet in 32 (28. 2%) cases. Post ingestion time in 36% were within last one hours at the arrivals to Emergency Department. Vomiting was the most common symptoms reported by 107 (96. 4%) patients at their owne places. Agittation in 36. 9% (41 cases) and felling of thirsty in 27. 9% (31 cases) reported by physician in duty of Emergeny department. Although maney complications such as Hypotension، Adult Respiratory Distress Syndrom (ARDS)، Acute Renal Failure (ARF) AND Multi Organ Failure (MOF) were the common complications observed in these patients، but the most lethal complication was Cardiac Arrhythmias occurred in in 41 (36. 9%) of cases.

The goal of present study was to investigate the effectiveness of cognitive-behavioral group therapy on anger reduction in brain injured people. The plan of study was quasi experimental through pretest، posttest and follow up with control group. The sample of this study consists of 16 brain injured patients in Mashhad city and selected by Convenience sampling method and voluntarily participate in this study. Participants randomly divided into two groups. The first groups receive cognitive behavioral therapy and the second group hasn’t any therapy. Two groups in three pretest، posttest and follow up time level were measured. Applied measures in this study consisted of State-Trait Anger Expression Inventory and collected data were analyzed through Spss software by repeated measure analysis of variance. The results showed that the experimental group that receive CBT showed insignificant differences in anger reduction in compare with control group that don’t receive any therapy. Also the results of secondary hypotheses showed that there is significant differences in anger components that mean state anger، trait anger، anger controlling and introjection of anger in experimental group in compare with control group that don’t receive any therapy; in some components there were no differences for example in anger externalization and internalization. There is discussion about the results in theoretical approach and its importance in clinical intervention. On the whole we could apply the results of present study in valid and accurate assessment and diagnosis of the brain injury effects in legal medical centers and furthermore offer CBT services for this clinical population as non-medical treatment، efficient and inexpensive therapy.

Suicide is one of the major socio-medical problems all over the world. In women it happens four times more than men. According to some researches، employment is considered as a protective factor in suicidal attempts. The present Study، therefore، comparatively analyzes the relative distributions of some risk factors of suicide between housewives and employed women in suicide attempt. An intersectional and descriptive-analytic study was conducted at two referral centers of Isfahan province، Iran، which included the Emergency Department of Noor Hospital and Imam Mousa Kazem hospital. The study was consisted of 600 cases of 18-60 year old women، who had made suicidal attempts. The sampling was simple -nonprobable- and consecutive and the research tool was patients’ information recorded in two questionnaire forms. Data was analyzed using chi-square test by SPSS 18. 0 statistical software. Most patients were housewives (85. 5%). Most of the employed women as well as the housewives were 18-25 years old (60% and 63. 6% respectively)، married (61% and 56. 3%)، without strong religious beliefs (59. 8% and 60%) and with diploma level education (66% and 56. 6%). Past history of suicide and psychological disorders in employed and housewife women were 34. 5%، 39. 38% and 32. 2%، 39. 4% respectively. There is a significant relationship between the hours of work and the number of suicide in employed women; the decrease in working hours of the employed women may result in less suicide in them. Although the frequency of suicidal attempt in employed women was less than the housewives، the difference in relative frequency of risk factors of suicide was not significant in both groups. In addition، employment cannot compensate for family problems.

Nowadays one of the most important dangers that affect health promotion and societies developing is increasing of the traffic accidents، thus we decided to assess the epidemiological aspects of the traffic accidents helped by EMS in Guilan 2011-2013. This is a descriptive cross sectional study that 31263 traffic accidents helped by EMS in Guilan province were assessed. For all the patients a check list including age، sex، patients situation (car driver، passenger of car، motor driver، passer-by or others)، site of accidents (country side، in the city and rural road)، kind of injuries (slight، severe and amputation) was recorded. Data was inserted in SPSS Version 19 and analyzed by qi-square and t-test. The results of this study showed that with regarding to 3. 1% increasing in the prevalence of traffic accidents and helping to the injured people by EMS، in 2013-2012 in front of 2012-2012، the treatment of outpatients increased 14. 43%. 24024 (76. 9%) of the patients were male and 7239 (23. 1%) were female. Most of patients were in the age range of 18 to 24 (7967 patients or 25. 4 %) years old. The most traffic accidents were 16608 (52. 01%) cases that occurred in the country side roads. The most of the patients´ situation in males were motor accidents in 11937 cases (98. 7%) and in female were passer-by in 16608 cases (53. 01%). The most prevalent season of the accidents was summer (10276 or 33%). Among the all the injured people 27401 cases (87. 6%) were admitted in the hospital and 3862 cases (12. 3%) were treated as outpatients. With respect to results of this study it can be presented that most of the injured people were young motor drivers، that represent the high prevalence of using it among Guilan province young peoples and being inattention to the traffic rules، need to necessary attention to prevention of this problem

Human cloning is one of the latest issues in genetic engineering whose application for human being، due to emergence of new thoughts، has caused a big arena of conflict and disagreement. The only rules about the physician’s responsibility for the implementation of human cloning technology are paragraph (3) of Act 158 of the Islamic Penal Code adopted in 1392، the civil law، and the law of civil liability. Through reviewing these it can be concluded that unlike therapeutic cloning، reproductive human cloning is not considered a legal act due to the Jurists’s votes on the uncertainty of technical security and in some cases probable loss of the infant and the mother، and the patient’s consent does not remove the physician’s liability. Since for the physician’s liability the three elements - medical error، the existence harmful act، and the relationship between these two – are needed and all three are present in human cloning، the physician has both civil and criminal liability. Moreover، since genes play an important part in emergence of physical traits and mental diseases، it seems that at the moment toward wrong cloning which leads to behavioral and brain disorder and consequently committing crime by the person created by this process، we can only answer most of the questions related to this subject by legal regime of “vicarious criminal responsibility” due to act of other person. Additionally، the team of physicians should be liable for incomplete implementation of the technology which results in the birth a retarded child.