نشریه زبان و ادب فارسی
پیاپی 237 (بهار و تابستان 1397)

Three Drops of Blood is one of the short stories of Sadiq Hedayat that has a surrealist and symbolic structure and it somewhat included the author's coordinates. Since the perception of the central concept of this story is somewhat difficult, it has always been accompanied by different interpretations and criticisms. According to many critics the style of this story is the full-fledged style of a particular storytelling of Hedayat. Hedayat uses an unusual and specific plot to make mysterious and symbolic story that challenges the reader's understanding of the meaning of the text and makes it hard to understand the meaning of it, and sometimes to doubt it. In other words, what has made the story style different from other realist stories is the use of a complex and unusual plot that has concealed the meaning of the text in several layers so that the reader cannot easily understand the central meaning of the story. In fact, by using a plot that is more based on association, repetition, and displacement and ambiguity Hedayat has made an irregular structure and anecdotal narrative about unrelated events in the story that has left out the critics' hands in different ways from its meaning forever. In this paper, the author attempts to use the method of study and analysis to elucidate the specific style of Hedayat's plot in this modern short story and to analyze the intellectual coordinates that is involved in the plot of the story in order to show the relationship between this type of plot with story content.

Maftoon Amini is an experimentalist poet. The elements of his poetry reveal his desire to make a change and attain new experiences. This tendency has led to some intermittent changes in the structure and language of his poetry and provided the ground for the emergence of exclusive features in his works. In this paper, some of the main components of Amani's poetry, which are mainly based on a diverse linguistic approach and structural changes, have been examined and analyzed in terms of motion, meaning, ambiguity, observation, and narration. The quality of change and its chronological developments have been elaborated on respectively throughout the analysis. The quality of elaboration, the kinds of emphasis and the establishment of the meaning along with the devices for creating ambiguity and the methods of concealment of meaning have also been analyzed. Furthermore, detailed and tangible descriptions of observable objects as one of the aesthetic elements of Mattoon's poetry and the possibility of using objects and words in the poetry have been examined. Ultimately, Mattoon's use of narrative techniques such as scene, play, movement, characterization, dialogue, and ... has been analyzed and explained.

The concept of Grotesque which was limited to popular antique paintings at the beginning of the sixteenth century in Italy, expanded its meaning with the introduction of eighteenth-century aesthetics (its association with the caricature as well) and tended toward ridiculous and fantastic elements along with frightening and disgusting aspects. Structuralisms like Mikhail Bakhtin, Philip Thompson, and Wolfgang Kaiser described various features of Grotesque from different perspectives and ultimately when seeking a global explanation alienated with this artistic style. Investigating the elements present in “Fear” novel in this study by library method revealed that this narrative work, a precursor in form and content, through combining Grottic elements narrates a terrifying atmosphere that has been employed in a feminine story for the first time and has achieved the functional goals of the Grotesque writings.

Time is one of the mental concerns of human beings. There are difference views toward time in difference historical, epical, mythological ages. The study of epical works can clarify these approaches toward time which contain mythological, epical, historical and philosophical view. Since time and space collocate in Shahname, in this study the reason of this collocation and the structure of time are investigated. There are four kinds of time in Shahname: astronomical, mythological, philosophical and historical. Consequently, since time share the philosophical concept with space they collocate together.

The expansion of the Internet and its facilities in Iran in the 1370s caused significant changes in the field of Persian language, culture and literature which the emergence of new ways such as: Web writings and super stories in the field of prose and also The emergence of digital poetry and the development of visual and visual poetry in the field of poetry is one of the most important of these changes. Also, the widespread use of the Internet has given this opportunity to public audiences.
To present and critique literary works published in cyberspace, which causes a lot and, of course, superficiality reviews in this area have been made. In general, the growth of cyberspace in our society, on the one hand, is a new form putting literary ideas to the attention of writers and poets and allowing faster and wider interaction between the creators of Literary works and their audience. On the other hand, the haste of writing, the leveling up of some works and also, their critique, written criticisms, and neglect of editing the writings so on ... are among the fines of the work which has been published in this space. This research seeks to examine the effects of the virtual space on Persian language and literature in four categories of rules of writing discipline, prose, poetry and Review of literary criticism

Existentialism was one of the most important philosophical schools of the twentieth century, which featured prominent figures such as Kierkegaard, Nietzsche, Heidegger, and Sartre, had a great influenced on literary movement. Existentialism has been translated into Persian by the originality of existence. The primacy of existence on the nature, individuality, freedom, immortality of inwardness, inefficacy of the universe and existential emotions, such as sadness and anxiety, are the basis of this philosophical movement. Sohrab Sepehri is one of the most prominent contemporary poets who have had many existential concerns about his poems. These concerns are presented in his works such as eight books. This study seeks to explain the main principles of the philosophy of existentialism in Sepehri's eight books. The central subject of this study is to what extent Sohrab's thinking is consistent with the philosophical principals of this school. The research method is qualitative and library study based on content analysis. The despair and grief of Sohrab from the current state of the world, his deep emotions, death, loneliness, genuine life, as well as the turning of the attention of the audience to the transcendental matter are among the factors that show the tinge of existentialist philosophy in his poem. Loneliness and sadness, love, the quiddity of life and death, and the transcendent, including the philosophical principles of existentialism, are also seen in eight Sohrab books.

Critical satirical Hasharatolarz newspaper was published in Tabriz by Mirza Agha Blouri in the years of 1326-1329 (1908-1911) During the Minor tyranny, this magazine was the only newspaper published cartoons. More contents of it were satirical poem, told by Ghaffar Wakil (A crazy wanderer). Its cartoons were drawn by Hosseinzadeh Behzad. More cartoons concept was in criticizing the anti-constitutional king, and abuse of state governors from offices and their corruption. The Message of plans was generally in order to spread awareness among people to understand their rights and responsibilities of Qajar rulers. For the first time, by the language and Character of animals, social and political processes in Azerbaijan and Iran were revealed. As a result, this magazine supported constitutionalism and rule of law and justice. We used in this article from the main sources on Iran's press, content of Hasharatolarz newspaper, and is written by content analysis.

Each branch of knowledge has its own criteria and methods through which science is measured and examined. Speech elegance measurement parameter in Persian literature is Persian rhetoric. Speech rhetoric leads to comfort or discomfort of listener or reader, as such that it urges them to do something that speaker wishes or prevents from doing an affair. Therefore, effective speech needs rhetoric and eloquence. Speech eloquence will be effective when singular eloquence is free from defects. Some recent speakers following rhetoric and eloquence of Arabic literature have considered repeated additions and frequency as speech faults and disruptive eloquence. But some skilled ones in rhetoric based on difference between Persian and Arabic rhetoric rules believe that mentioned cases are not rhetorically disruptive factors, but they are effective factors of Persian rhetoric. In this paper, we address and analyze the flaws of traditional rhetoric from language role point of view, mood requirement observation, excessive Arabisation, comparison with Persian eloquence and Persian rhetoric different criteria in four entries with examples and evidences, context neglect, understanding traditional rhetoric of imagination, lack of research on literary texts, teaching of rhetoric science, lack of attention to stress and speech tone.

One of the new theories in field of linguistics is environmental linguistics, that addressing to the relation of thinking, language and the way of human interact with surrounding environment. Environmental linguistics emphasizes that language structures play a significant role in creating environmental degradation. So, mystics are searching for stories, means useful mental models which can correct and reconcile human communication with nature. Because the mystics have a significant relationship with nature, the authors of the article reviewed the works of Boghli Shirazi, Baha Valad and Molavi from this perspective.
The result of this review suggests that in mystic language, linguistic patterns can be developed as a useful model for the community, with the goal of introducing the universe and ontology of mystic, it can be used as a tool for solving environmental problems, in order to prove its effectiveness

Islamic mysticism, have taken deep-seated concepts such as the material life, the dignity of man in the universe and, ultimately, his universal life. Existentialism is considered attention to individuality, the status of existence, freedom, ethics and responsibility, are based on the unity of man. In this regard, Sana'i Ghaznavispoke in his work, "Hadiqeh al-Haqiqa", according to the position of man in the context of the mystical thought around it, and Sartre in his fiction "nausea" has been devoted to examining the status of man in the realm of being. This research attempts to make a comparative study of the position of man in the two worldviews on the basis of the works discussed.
These findings suggest that, despite the fundamental differences in thought, human standing in both high and precious intellectual schools, as well as the one in existence, is discussed. Both schools of thought invoke him for the sake of human excellence and the transcendence of existential existence. Sanei seeks to achieve this goal in the mystical drive and follow the Shari'a and Sartre in the Nouveau novel, which he considers to be transcendental affairs, including the creation of art or the participation in the writing process