مجله علمی دانشگاه علوم پزشکی کردستان
سال یازدهم شماره 1 (پیاپی 39، بهار 1385)

Spoligotyping was applied to investigate the prevalence of all genotype in M. tuberculosis isolates. The associated risk factors among patients with different nationalities residing in Iran were also determined.

In this analytic cross-sectional study a total of 439 patients that referred to the NRITLD, the referral tuberculosis center in Iran; have been registered during March 21st, 2003 to March 21st 2004.The isolated Mycobacterium tuberculosis strains have been characterized by performing susceptibility tests against four first-line antituberculosis drugs and were then subjected to spoligotyping characterization. T-test and chi-square were used for analysis of the data.

Spoligotyping of M. tuberculosis strains resulted in 140 different patterns that divided into 9 clades. One hundred twenty two (87.1%) of these spoligotype isolates were unique and reported for the first time. The remaining 18 (12.8%) spoligotype patterns were previously reported from other geographical regions of the world. Haarlem family was most prevalent than other genotype. Interestingly, 6.3% of the strains belonged to the Beijing family. The MDR (multi drug resistance), double and triple resistance were seen in group Ι of evolutionary scenario. Antibiotic resistances were higher in those isolated from the Afghani patients (p<0.001). The other risk factors such as sex and age were also contributing factors to the diseases state.

The results showed that multi drug-resistance was more prevalent in bacteria isolated from Afghani TB patients residing in Iran. In addition, spread of M. tuberculosis strains belonging to the Beijing family among Iranian patients has to be considered seriously. It is also important to undertake studies to identify which factors are the most significant to consider in tuberculosis control program.

Successful development and implantation of cryo-preserved embryos depend on suitable culture medium, cytokines, growth factors and genomic expression. Epidermal growth factor and its receptor have important roles on embryonic development and implantation. The purpose of this study was to investigate the influence of EGF on preimplantation development and to detect mRNA for the EGF receptor in vitrified mouse embryo.

8 to 16 celled mouse embryos were collected from super-ovulated NMRI mice 56 to 64 h after HCG injection and divided into 4 groups: two control groups were cultured in MEM-α (control 1) and MEM-α+EGF (10 ng/ml) as control 2. The experimental groups were vitrified immediately after collection and then cultured for 96h in MEM-α and M-α+EGF (l0 ng/ml) respectively. Expression of EGFR in hatched and hatching blastocysts was studied too. Following RT, PCR nested primers were designed to optimize the specificity.

The results showed that blastocyst formation and hatching rates were significantly lower in vitrified embryos and degeneration rate was significantly higher in these groups. Blastocyst formation, hatching and degeneration rates were not significantly different in control group 1 compared to control group 2 and also in exp. group 1 in comparison with exp. group 2. 96 hours after culture, mRNA expression of EGFR was detected in embryos in the four groups.

In conclusion addition of EGF (10 ng/ml) to a complex medium like (MEM-α) doesn’t have any stimulatory effect on embryonic development of vitrified and non-vitrified embryos. Vitrification did not prevent EGFR expression after 96h of culturing, but it seems that addition of EGF to the medium stimulates EGFR expression in mouse blastocysts.