مجله علمی دانشگاه علوم پزشکی کردستان
سال شانزدهم شماره 2 (پیاپی 60، تابستان 1390)

Although both insulin resistance and beta cell dysfunction contribute to pathogenesis of type II diabetes, the role of adiponectin in beta cell function has received limited attention. The objective of this study was to determine the relationship between serum adiponectin level and beta cell function. Forty one non athletes fat adult men between 35 and 50 years of age (BMI≥30) with type II diabetes were enrolled in this study. Serum concentrations of adiponectin, glucose, triglyceride and insulin were measured after 10-12 hours overnight fasting in all participants. Beta cell function was assessed by measuring fasting glucose and insulin level. After data collection, we used Pearson correlation test to determine the relationship between adiponectin and beta-cell function in patients with type II diabetes (p≤0.05). The results of this study didnt show any significant relationship between serum adiponectin and beta cell function (p=0.145). Visceral fat (p=0.010) and serum triglycerides had a negative significant relationship with fasting adiponectin (p=0.004). Also there was a significant linear relationship between fasting adiponectin and insulin (p=0.015). This study demonstrated that despite the presence of a relationship between adiponectin and insulin resistance in type 2 diabetes, this hormone had no relation with beta cell function in these patients and it is not a suitable indicator for prediction of beta cell function.

Ileuses is one of the most common problems after abdominal surgery including cesarean section (CS) which leads to inability to start feeding. Several studies have been performed on the effects of liquid diet in the postoperative period on the recovery of bowel movement but there has been no perfect study on the effect of gum chewing on this subject. The aim of this study was to compare the effect of early oral feeding with liquid diet on the recovery of bowel movements with that of gum chewing in primiparous women after (CS) in Hajar Hospitral in Shahrekord in 2007. In this randomized clinical trial, 180 patients scheduled for elective cesarean section were randomly divided into three groups: gum-chewing group (n=30), early feeding group (n=30) and control group (n=30) postoperatively. The patients in the gum-chewing group chewed postoperatively sugar free gum four times daily, each time for 15 minutes, as soon as they recovered from anesthesia. In the early oral feeding group the women received a liquid diet within six hours after surgery, and control group received routine post operative dietary regimen. Data were analyzed by x2, paired and independent t tests and one way ANOVA. p<0.05 was considered significant. Recovery of bowel movements in the gum chewing and early oral feeding groups was significantly faster than that of control group and was faster in gum chewing group in comparison to early oral feeding group (P<0.05). Gum chewing after CS is safe, inexpensive and beneficial which is well tolerated by the patients and associated with rapid resumption of intestinal function and rapid recovery of the patients after cesarean-section.

Regulation of protein synthesis in the early stage of translation depends on the function of eIF4E factor especially in the form of eukaryotic initiation factor (eIF4F). Overexpression of eIF4E in multiple cancer types, including malignancies of the prostate, breast, colon, lung, and the hematopoietic system is indicative of the role of this factor in tumorogenesis and promotion of the cancers. In this study we investigated the expression pattern of eIF4E as a new molecular marker in thyroid tumors and their marginal normal tissues. We used semi-quantitative RT-PCR technique to examine the expression of eIF4E in 21 papillary carcinoma tissue specimens and 14 specimens of corresponding marginal normal tissue adjacent to the malignant lesions. ß2m gene was considered as an internal control. Rate of expression of eIF4E in different groups were compared with one another by use of SPSS software and data were analyzed by one way ANOVA and t-test. Our data revealed significant expression of eIF4E in all tumor samples compared to non-tumor lesions and normal tissues (P<0.05). Moreover the expression level was notably increased in malignant tumor samples compared to marginal tissues of the tumors (P<0.05). The rate of expression was more in tumor samples than non-malignant samples. The results of this study indicated that the rate of expression of eIF4E gene is associated with kind of tumor and grade of malignancy. Also this study confirmed the role of eIF4E gene in tumor progression and development of thyroid tumors. Therefore eIF4E gene expression can be an appropriate indicator for diagnosis of tumors and can be used as a guide for grading of thyroid tumors. This prognostic and diagnostic factor can be considered as a promising therapeutic target for treatment of cancers.

In the recent century, rapid growth of population is a threat to human life. Family planning has been of great benefit to family health. Thirteen million women in the world use Depo-Provera as a contraceptive method. Different studies have reported development of depression in Depo-Provera users, and some articles reported that they are ineffective on mood. Therefore assessment of Depo-Provera effects on mood is important. Depression in women can lead to physical, psychological and social reactions. Therefore we decided to assess the effect of Depo-Provera on depression rate in the health center of Babol City. This Study was a Quazi-experimental study. 64 women completed a questionnaire consisted of demographic data before Depo-Provera injection and also Beck Standard Questionnaire before and 3 months after Depo-Provera injection at the health center of Babol City. For data analysis we used Wilcoxon and Fisher`s exact tests. Mean score of depression symptoms before Depo-Provera injection was 6.50±8.2 but three month after injection it was 4.50±6.6 which had a significant difference (p=0.001). Age, education, satisfaction of husband’s job, husband’s literacy, husband’s aid at home, satisfaction with the marital life, family class, family income, child abortion history, outcome of recent pregnancy, satisfaction in relationship with parents in childhood, satisfaction in relationship with family members, support from the family and relatives, satisfaction in relationship with friends and worrisome events during the last year showed no significant relationship with depression before and after Depo-Provera injections. But satisfaction with husband’s family (p=0.034) and history of depression (p=0.026) had a significant relationship with depression before Depo-Provera injection. Also there was a significant relationship between loss of independency and depression before and after Depo-Provera injection (p=0.024, p=0.001). The results of this study showed lack of deterioration of depression by Depo-Provera injections. Therefore appropriate consultation can lead to increased use of Depo-Provera.

Botulism is a lethal disease which is caused by the one of the neurotoxins of the 7 types of Clostridium botulinum. The carboxylic domain of the heavy chain of Clostridium botulinum type A neurotoxin (BoNT/A-Hc), is highly capable of activating immune system and is used for production of a vaccine against botulism. The aim of this study was to express and produce soluble form of BoNT/A-Hc in recombinant E. coli.

Hc part of BoNT/A was subcloned in pET28a vector and clone was expressed in E. coli BL21 (DE3). Then the best recombinant clones were selected based on three main factors: expression, growth and plasmid stability. Then protein expression was evaluated in LB and M9 media and the protein was purified by resin column chromatography.

In flask culture, under optimal conditions of bacterial culture yielded 52mg of BoNT/A-Hc soluble protein from each liter of culture medium.

According to the results of this study, selection of suitable strains on the basis of important growth indices of the bacteria, expression of recombinant protein and plasmid stability can lead to in increased efficiency of the recombinant protein production.

The aim of this study was to compare the prevalence of ADHD (Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder) between female and male students of primary schools in Arak City.

This study was a descriptive-analytical, cross– sectional study which included 2000 female and male students of primary schools in Arak City between 2009 and 2010. The method of sampling was stratification. We used Intelligence-Matrix of Raven Scale to study students 'intelligence, Canners questionnaire (parents and teachers) to study ADHD, the demographic checklist for recording student's demographic data, and K-SADS-E questionnaire to document diagnosis of ADHD. Data were introduced into SPSS software and analyzed by chi-square test to determine the relationship between qualitative variables and also logistic regression model to determine odds ratio.

In this study among 2000 students, 168 were suffering from one type of ADHD. Also this study showed that the prevalence of attention deficit was 2.3 percent (%1.6 in boys and %2.9 in girls), prevalence of hyperactivity–impulsivity disorder was 3.5 percent (%3.9 in boys and %2.9 in girls) and prevalence of the combined type of disorder was 2.7 percent (%3 in boys and %1.3 in girls). There were a significant relationship between prevalence of ADHD and each of the following variables including: gender (p<0/001), educational level (p<0/027), and monthly family income of the students who were suffering from ADHD (p<0.019), but there was no significant relationship between the parent's educational level, the parent's occupation, living in areas polluted with heavy metals, living style and ADHD.

According to the results of this study we recommend that the educational departments in every city provide training programs for the teachers and parents about the identification of signs and symptoms of ADHD to prevent deterioration of ADHD and educational problems in the children.

Dyes are among the most important sources of environmental pollutants which are found in wastewater of different industries such as textile manufacturing industries and are harmful for human health and environment. The purpose of this study was to assess removal of AB113 dye from aqueous solution by its adsorption onto activated red mud as a cheap adsorbent.

This study was a laboratory study. At first red mud was activated by adding 20 ml nitric acid for each 10 gr of red mud for 24 hours, and dried out in 150 0C for 4 hours. Acquired equilibrium time was determined which was 60 min. The effect of pH, contact time and initial AB113 dye concentration, kinetic and isotherm models were studied at constant equilibrium time. Data were interpreted and analyzed by Excel software and regression coefficient.

Increased pH and increased initial dye concentration led to decreased rate of dye removal. But dye removal increased by increasing contact time. The results showed that AB113 adsorption follows Longmuir isotherm (R2= 0.9943, qe= 0.172 mg/g) and pseudo second order models (R2= 0.9999, qe= 3.86 mg/g) to a greater degree. Considering the constant distribution coefficient, with increasing initial amount of red mud adsorbent surface became homogeneous.

The results of this study showed that red mud can be used as a fast, effective and cheap adsorbent with high efficiency for the treatment of textile manufacturing wastewater.

Gerbillid rodents (Rodentia: Muridae: Gerbillinae) are the most important reservoir hosts of Leishmania major which is the causative agent of zoonotic cutaneous leishmaniasis (ZCL). Different gerbil species are reservoirs of ZCL in different parts of Iran. Since Jask City is the most important endemic area in Hormozgan Province and eastern part of Iran, the present study was designed to identify the gerbil's fauna in this city and detect the reservoir hosts of ZCL in Jask City. This was a descriptive study and the rodents were caught in rectangular wire-mesh traps from different areas of the city. The trapped animals were euthanized under chloroform anesthesia. Duplicate impression smears were prepared from the external ears and their morph metric characteristics were measured and recorded. After dissection of the abdomen of the animals by a scalpel liver and spleen of each animal were removed and preserved in a tube containing 70% ethanol and the whole body was incubated in another tube containing 10% formalin and sent to zoology lab for taxidermy and identification of different species. Impression smears were examined for leishman body by means of a light microscope after Giemsa staining. Small parts of spleen and liver of the animals were homogenized and used for DNA extraction. Whole DNA extracted usnig Proteinase K and Phenol/Chloroform/Isoamyl alcohol methods. The variable segment of minicircles of kinetoplast DNA was proliferated by means of nested-PCR technique using species-specific primers (LIN R4-LIN 17 –Lin 19). All the 106 rodents in this study belonged to five species. Meriones persicus was the dominant species (27.35%). Microscopic examination detected the leptomonads in a female specimen of Tatera indica (3.7%), a female specimen of Meriones hurricane (3.85%) and a male specimen of Gerbillus nanus species (5.88%), while leishmania kinetoplast DNA was detected in one femalespecimen of T.indica, 2 female specimens (7/69%) of M.hurrianae, and one female and one male specimen (11/76%) of G.nanus species. The parasites were identified as L. major. Different species of gerbil rodents are active and abundant in the vicinity of human residential areas in Jask City. T. indica, M. hurricane and G. nanus species are reservoir hosts of ZCL in this endemic area. In this study we used molecular assay for detection of ZCL reservoir hosts for the first time in south east part of the country. Infection of G. nanus by L. major was detected for the first time in the world.

Leptospirosis is a world-wide zoonotic infection occurring in animals and human. Rodents and wildlife are the major sources of the infection which can excrete Leptospira in their urine. The purpose of this study was to assess the seroprevalence of leptospira species in the slaughter house workers in khoy City. 30 serum samples were obtained from people slaughterhouse workers. Sera were tested by MAT using live Leptospira antigens including hardjo, pomona, icterohaemorrhagiae, grippotyphosa, canicola and ballum. The results of this study showed that four samples (13/33 percent) were positive and 12 samples (40 percent) had doubtful results. Icterohaemorrhagiae and Pomona were the most-prevalent serotypes in positive samples and samples with doubtful results respectively. All positive samples were identified in 1:200 titre. All of the samples were negative in 1:100 and 1:400 dilutions. 50% of the positive sera belonged to the subjects between 20 and 30 years of age and other 50% belonged to those with an age range of 40-50 years. 50% of the positive samples and 83% of the samples with doubtful results belonged to the subjects with employment records of less than 7 years. Leptospirosis is an occupational disease and slaughterhouse workers are more at risk of contamination with different strains of Leptospira and developing this infection which leads to transmission of contamination to protein and nutrient cycling.

Hepatitis A is a viral infection which is transmitted via fecal-oral route and its prevalence is directly related to the public health standards. The prevalence rate of this infection is different in different populations. The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of hepatitis A antibody and assess the need for vaccination against hepatitis A in Tehran Province. This descriptive analytical cross-sectional study was conducted from 2006 to 2007 in Tehran Province. 448 subjects were selected by random cluster sampling. Blood samples were collected and demographic data were recorded in a questionnaire. Anti-HAV antibodies were measured by ELISA competitive method. Chi-square test and student t-test were used for statistical analysis. This study included 287 women and 161 men. Anti-HAV antibody was positive in 405 subjects (90.4%). There were no significant relationships between HAV seropositivity and different age groups or gender. The results of our study showed a high prevalence of antibody in this region which is compatible with those of WHO results. Our results were similar to those obtained in Zabol City and eastern parts of Golestan Province but were not compatible with the results of the studies from Isfahan and Tabriz. At the present time there is no need for vaccination in this region.

Many finding in neuroimaging of brain death can mimic other disorders such as subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH). Here, we report a case of brain death with a CT scan mimicking SAH. Case Report: Our patient was a 28 year old man who was transferred to Tohid Hospital because of decreased level of consciousness after drug overuse and also cardiopulmonary arrest. Brain CT scan at the stage of brain death showed increased density at the basal arteries of circle of Willis and deep venous structures which was suggestive of SAH and to lesser degree CVT. Lumbar puncture (L.P) revealed no RBC and WBC in CSF, and D-Dimer (a sensitive test for CVT) was less than 0.5mg/dl. Therefore the findings in the brain CT scan of our patient were associated with extensive thrombosis in the basal arteries and deep veins. Brain CT scan of a brain dead patient can mimic subarachnoid hemorrhage and cerebral vein thrombosis. Therefore history, clinical findings and paraclinical measures such as CT scan and LP can be useful for proper diagnosis.