مجله دانشگاه علوم پزشکی مازندران
پیاپی 116 (شهریور 1393)

Background and Chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) is the most widely recognized form of leukemia. Nowadays, trying to find new synthetic compounds is one of the basic strategies to find new drugs to treat CML. In present study the effects of some of Pyrimidone derivatives on proliferation, viability, and apoptosis of human leukemia K562 cell line as experimental model for CML have been investigated. K562 cells were treated by various concentrations of 4 amino pyrimidone derivatives. Anti- proliferative effects of the compounds were studied using trypan blue exclusion test. Apoptosis was detected by fluorescent microscope and DNA fragmentation assay. Our study showed that: 1) aminopyrimidone derivatives induced growth inhibition in K562 cells in concentration- and time-dependent manner, 2) The aminopyrimidone derivatives inhibited viability and induced apoptosis in these cells. 3) The apoptotic and growth inhibitory effects of these compounds were dependent on their molecular structure. According to growth inhibitory and apoptotic effects of new synthetic, aminopyrimidone derivatives could be proposed as new and effective compounds for more investigations in treatment of leukemia.

Background and Imaging which is used in nuclear medicine is done using emit gamma rays whereas therapy in nuclear medicine is performed by applying radionuclide’s which emit beta radiation. Using Bremsstrahlung is a new field which is recently introduced in imaging. In the Bremsstrahlung imaging, collimator design should not be based on energy peak and whole energy spectrum should be considered. The main problem of these radiations is collimator penetration. This study suggests a new design for collimator in Bremsstrahlung imaging which weighs less than half of usual collimators. This design will somewhat influence the resolution and sensitivity. Furthermore, the effect of wiener filter in Bremsstrahlung imaging is also considered Layer collimator in forms of digital phantom was designed by GATE simulator and its sensitivity and resolution in deferent layers was evaluated. By increasing collimator layers, sensitivity rose by 9%, in contrast, due to penetration resolution decreased to 11%. Furthermore, we did not find any evidence that showed wiener filter in Bremsstrahlung imaging improved resolution. In this study, layer collimator has increased the sensitivity, consequently, the time required for collecting count for Bremsstrahlung imaging has decreased.

Background and Acinetobacter has emerged as a significant opportunistic pathogen responsible for nosocomial infections. Treatment of infections due to this organism is becoming a serious clinical concern and this bacterium is frequently resistant to multiple classes of antibiotics such as family of β-lactam drugs. β-lactamases enzyme represent the main mechanism of bacterial resistance to β-lactam antibiotics. This study was conducted to determine the prevalence of TEM-1and CTX β-lactamases in acinetobacter isolates collected from two teaching hospitals in Sari (north of Iran). This study included 100 acinetobacter isolates that were collected from various clinical specimens. Susceptibility of isolates toward the antibiotics was determined by standard disk diffusion method. ESBL production was determined by the combination disk method. Using disks containing ceftazidime and cefotaxime alone and in combination with Clavulanic acid and TEM and CTX types of ESBL producing genes was detected by PCR test. Among all acinetobacter isolates, the highest resistance was seen for cefotaxime (100%) and ceftazidim (100%), whereas the highest susceptibility was observed for colistin (65%). Combined Disc Test showed that 24% of isolates were ESBL positive and among them 79.1% and 31.5% were positive for blaTEM and blaCTX genes. TEM-1and CTX β-lactamases in acinetobacter isolates According to this study the drug-resistance pattern in acinetobacter isolates was seen in 24% of TEM and CTX which were β lactamas producers. Thus, other mechanisms such as secretory pump, purines, and biofilm formation could have a role in drug resistance.

Background and The standard of care treatment for infected patients with HCV is based on a combination of pegylated interferon alpha and ribavirin. Recently, the rs12979860 SNP polymorphism, located upstream of the interleukin 28B gene, was shown to be strongly associated with response to anti-HCV therapy. This study investigated the distribution of the (C/T) polymorphism with sustained virologic response (SVR) to chronic Hepatitis C virus infection among Iranian population. This cross-sectional study was performed in 108 blood samples including 71 SVR positive and 37 negative samples from individuals suffering from chronic hepatitis C, and 50 healthy controls. DNA was extracted from the samples and the frequency of the polymorphism was analyzed using PCR-RFLP method. Finally, the products were detected on polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. In the analysis of the data for C/T polymorphism, the CC genotype was identified in 29 patients of whom 28 (39.4%) achieved SVR, while the CT heterozygous was found in 75 patients and SVR was achieved in 42 (59.2%). Finally, the TT was detected in 14 patients and only one (1.4%) responded to treatment. Patients with C allele had significantly higher SVR rate than those with T allele. These data suggest that genotype detection of rs12979860 SNP may be useful as an important predictive biomarker for SVR in patients infected with HCV. However, further studies with more samples lead to more validated results.

Background and Rapid detection of Staphylococcus aureus in clinical specimens is essential to minimize the transfer and spread of this pathogen. An appropriate method for rapid and suitable detection of S. aureus is detection of one of its genes. The aim of this study was to identify the S. aureus using scaF gene. The study was conducted on 45 isolates of S. aureus separated from clinical specimens of patients who referred to hospitals affiliated with Tehran University of Medical Sciences in 2013. At first, scaF gene was analyzed by bioinformatic tools. S.aureus isolates were confirmed using biochemical and diagnostic tests. Following DNA extraction, scaF gene was amplified by polymerase chain reaction using gene-specific primers. The results of PCR were examined by gel electrophoresis. The scaF gene was present in all studied isolates. Bioinformatics evaluation revealed that this gene encodes a protein with a molecular weight of 33kDa and contains 297amino acids with a PI value of 6.3. The scaF gene belongs to Staphylococcal conserved antigen family which is conserved in S. aureus strains recorded in JCVI database. Furthermore, due to lack of the same gene in Staphylococcus epidermidis and other species, it could be used for detection of S. aureus infections.

Background and Presence of extended spectrum β -lactamase (ESBL) genes plays an important role in spreading β -lactam antibiotic resistance in the producing strains of these enzymes. The resistance of gram-negative bacteria, such as Escherichia coli, to different antimicrobial agents, has increasingly been reported. This study was conducted to determine the prevalence of ESBL in Escherichia coli isolates. This analytical cross-sectional study was carried out between March 2013 and February 2014 on 131 bacterial of Escherichia coli which were isolated from clinical patient specimens in general hospitals in Urmia (northwest Iran). The frequency of ESBL producing strains was determined via the combined disk method. The presence of β- lactamase gene of CTX-M-15 in ESBL was assessed by PCR method. clinical presentations of infection were UTI in 108 cases (82.44%), septicemia in 15 cases (11.45%), wound infection in 7 cases (5.34%), and meningitis in 1 case (0.76%). Frequency of ESBL positive in Escherichia coli isolates was 55 cases (41.98%) of which 23.63% were positive for CTX-M-15 β -lactamases resistance gene. The rate of ESBLs producing strains is highly increasing, therefore, using an appropriate treatment protocol based on the antibiogram pattern of the strains is highly recommended

Background and As aging increases throughout the world the number of menopausal women is increasing too. Their quality of life is considered important in all societies. This study aimed at assessing the efficacy of nutrition education alone or combined with aerobic exercise on quality of life in perimenopausal and postmenopausal women. This randomized controlled trial was performed in 81 healthy married women aged 45-60 years old in Kaleibar (west north of Iran) during March- June 2013. Using block randomization the subjects were allocated into three groups (n=27 per group). Group I received nutrition education and group II received nutrition education and also performed aerobic exercises, while the control group received no intervention. Menopausal quality of life questionnaire (MENQOL) was applied at baseline, 8, and 12 weeks after the intervention. Data was analyzed using ANCOVA test. Quality of life significantly improved after 8 and 12 weeks in group I while this improvement was observed after 12 weeks in group II. The mean total MENQOL scores in group I was 59.5 before the intervention and 40.1 after 8 weeks [adjusted mean difference: −13.9 (95% CI: −19.3 to −8.5)] and 35.4 after 12 weeks [−22.1 (−27.3 to -17.0]. Also, in group II this score was 58.4 before the intervention, 49.2 after 8 weeks [−4 (−10.2 to 2.2)], and 49.5 after 12 weeks [−6.3 (−11.8 to -0.8)]. No side effects were reported. Nutrition education combined with physical exercise is more effective than the nutrition education alone in improving the quality of life in perimenopausal and postmenopausal women.

Background and Quality of life is a very important concept in health care. This study was designed in order to translate and validate the Persian version of the Quality of Life Index (QLI) questionnaire. Permission was asked and a forward-backward translation procedure was followed to develop the Persian version of the questionnaire. Questionnaire was administered to 130 students in Social Welfare and Rehabilitation Sciences University. These students were selected on the basis of systematic random sampling. The QLI and SF-36 quality of life questionnaire and Vaux social support questionnaire were used in pretest. After two weeks interval only QLI questionnaire was used. Reliability of the questionnaire was estimated using internal consistency. Test re test reliability, concomitant validity and construct validity was assessed using coefficient of concordance and spearman's correlation. The internal consistency for the global score was 0.934 indicating that all domains met the minimum reliability standard, the Cranach's alpha ranged from 0.74 to 0.90 except for family subscale (α= 0.58). Test re test reliability showed good results for global score (spearman's correlation=0.89, ICC= 0.887) and for other domains except for family subscale (ICC= 0.255). The concomitant validity and construct validity revealed significant correlation between QLI with SF-36 questionnaire and Vaux questionnaire, respectively. Confirmatory factor analysis using EQS software also revealed that factor structure of the questionnaire in sample survey is repeated. The Persian version of the Quality of Life Index is a reliable and valid tool. However, further research is required to reduce the problems associated with reliability of family subscale.

Background and One of the important concepts in diabetic mellitus as a chronic disease is quality of life that it has extensive effects on social and individual performance. Due to the short-term and long- term effects and expensive costs of these diseases, the present study was carried out to determine the quality of life of these patients and finally was presented a structural model. This study was performed on250patients with type IIdiabetes in Yazd. it was used from the questionnaire of standard quality of life (QOLID) as the data collection tool that contains a total of34questions and8domains Role Limitation Due to Physical Health, Physical Endurance, General Healt, Treatment Satisfaction, Symptom Bothe, Financial Worries, Emotional/Mental Health, Diet Satisfaction. Data were analyzed by using from spss (16) and amos (21) softwares. in this study درصد 42 of the patients were male and درصد 58 were female. Betweenquality of lifeandage groupsEducation, income and smoking, there was significant relationship (P<0. 05). According to the study, domains general health and physical endurance had the lowest mean. according to the result, diabetes in the domains on quality of life of diseases had the most influence. in structural model, Direct effect of endurance physically on general health, role limitation, mental healthand treatment satisfaction, was (0. 69, 0. 57, -0. 29, 0. 19) respectively. Direct effect of general health and role limitations on Treatment Satisfaction was (0. 30, -0. 13) respectively. All of the direct effects were significanted at the level of 0. 05. Indirect effect physical endurance on treatment satisfaction was0. 28that it was significanted at the level of0. 05. Diabetes is a chronic disease that severely effects on the patient's quality of life. Every attempt in predicting structural models of quality of life play a meaningful role in the solution of patient's problems.

Background and One of the major complications in diabetes mellitus is lower extremity amputation. Amputation can affect different aspect of patient’s life and cause various morbidities. The purpose of this study was to observe the effect of amputation on quality of life and determining the frequency and causes of mortality in these patients. This study was performed in Rasool Hospital in Tehran from 2011 to 2013. The study population included 121 known cases type II diabetic patients with amputation of lower extremity in different levels who were followed for four years. SF-12 questionnaire has been used for quality of life and causes of mortality in this period were recorded. Data was analyzed using Chi square and T test in SPSS. Values less than 0.05 were considered significant. Four years mortality of diabetic patients with amputation has been determined about 36%. The most common causes of mortality were cardiovascular diseases (63.4%), renal diseases (14.6%), cerebrovascular accidents (12.2%), and infection (9.8%). There was no correlation between rate of mortality and numbers and site of amputations but direct correlation was found with daily insulin dose. Quality of life scores in both physical and mental components were lower in dead patients compared with those of the alive patients (P= 0.03 and 0.009, respectively) but considering the numbers of amputations, only different in mental components were statistically significant (P=0.00). Diabetic patients must be carefully followed for different complications, especially mental components. So, paying more attention to this component and adding psychiatric and psychological consultations in routine follow ups could be highly beneficial.

Background and In human studies the association between different biological and psychosocial aspects is clearly understood. It is believed that physical problems lead to some psychosocial problems, thereby creating more health problems. Cardiovascular diseases are good examples of these associations. Emotional and psychosocial problems could increase the incidence rate and condition of physical disorders. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of resilience in patients with cardiovascular diseases. This casual comparative study was performed in 232 people including 87 healthy individuals, 77 patients hospitalized for myocardial infarction (MI) and 68 patients with other cardiovascular diseases. The patients were those admitted in two hospitals affiliated to Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences. The subjects were selected based on their availability. The Connor-Davidson Resilience Scale was used to collect the data. This study showed higher resilience scores in healthy individuals compared to that of the patients with cardiovascular diseases. Regression analysis indicated significant associations between coping styles and resilience with cardiovascular diseases. We found resilience as the main predictor of cardiovascular diseases (β = -0/6). The results showed a significant relationship between resilience and cardiovascular diseases. There were also significant differences between healthy subjects and patients in their resilience score

Background and Biological monitoring for workers exposed to solvents includes complementary environmental monitoring which is useful in toxic chemical risk assessments. The aim of this study was environmental and biological monitoring of workers exposed to volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in petrochemical industry. Air and urine samples were collected from 104 individuals working in petrochemical industry. NIOSH 2549 method was used to determine the concentrations of benzene, toluene, xylene isomers, phenol, and methyl ethyl ketone in breathing environment. In order to determine the concentration of urinary metabolites, urine samples were analyzed by high performance liquid chromatography and gas chromatography. Urinary creatinine level was measured by UV-VIS spectrophotometer. To analyze the data t-test and linear regression were performed in SPSS V.16. The mean concentrations of benzene, toluene, O and m-xylene, P-xylene, phenol and methyl ethyl ketone in breath samples were 1.192, 1.300, 1.97, 1.290, 0.0116, and 2.243 ppm, respectively. The mean concentrations of urinary trans, t- MA, hippuric acid, 2, 3 and 4-methyl hippuric acid, and phenol were 1431 µgr/grCr, 0.3949, 0.4444, 0.1483 gr/grCr, and 0.5850mgr/grCr creatinine, respectively. Concentrations of urinary methyl ethyl ketone were 0.154 mgr/lit. There was a direct linear relationship between concentration of VOCs in the air and urinary metabolites (P>0.05). The results showed that increase in working hours per week resulted in increased level of urinary t, t- MA, methyl hippuric acid isomers and phenol (P>0.05). The mean concentration of benzene in breathing environment, urinary t, and t- MA was higher than the ACGIH's Threshold Limit Values (TLV) and Biological Exposure Indices (BEI) while the mean concentrations of other compounds were lower than TLV and BEI. We also found that smoking increased urinary excretion of all metabolites expect hippuric acid.

Background and Selenium is important as a key trace element which is required by most organisms in biology. Despite its importance in cellular functions, high concentrations of selenium, particularly in the forms of selenate and selenite are highly toxic. Therefore, it is necessary to perform biogeochemical studies and develop strategies for the effective control of toxic oxyanion of selenate in the environment. In this study, 30 strains were isolated from industrial wastewater in Qom Province using the enrichment culture technique and direct plating on agar. MIC of sodium selenite was measured by agar dilution method and also, antibiogram test was performed for resistant strains. Bacterial strains designated QW4 and QW184 (Qom Wastewater Number 4 and 184) exhibited very high MIC values (760 and 700, respectively) for toxic oxyanion of selenate. Conventional biochemical tests and 16S rRNA studies identified QW4 and QW184 as Proteus hauseri (FR733709-1) and Escherichia coli (AJ567606). These two bacterial strains were resistant to some antibiotics. Enrichment culture technique was found to be more useful than direct plating on agar for isolation of selenate resistant bacteria. QW4 and QW184 could be used for bioremediation of contaminated sites.

Background and Long QT syndrome is a heart arrhythmia identified by prolongation of the QT interval which is a cause of sudden cardiac death in young individuals. In most cases, abnormalities in heart repolarization are reasons of prolongation of action potential and arrhythmia. The activity of ion channels is sensitive to ATP level, therefore, mitochondrial disorders are considered to be very important. The purpose of this study was to investigate the areas of mtDNA that are identified as hot spots in most cardiac diseases. Total DNA was extracted from the peripheral blood of 30 patients with LQT syndrome and 35 normal persons. Mitochondrial tRNATrp-Ala-Apn-Glugenes and cytochrome b gene were amplified by polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Then, PCR fragments were screened for singlestrand conformation polymorphism analysis (SSCP) and all positive samples were sequenced. We observed a homoplasmic and conserved T14687C mutation in the mitochondrial tRNA glutamic acid gene in one patient with pervious syncope. We found a homoplasmic C14766T transition in five patients that changed threonine to isoleucine substitution at amino acid 7. Also, we found a heteroplasmy G14838A mutation in mitochondrial cytochrome b gene which is nonsense and changed tryptophan to a stop codon in position 31. Mitochondria ATP synthesis is important in heart, therefore, it is possible that mutations in mitochondrial genes could constitute a predisposing factor in combination with environmental factors and may also trigger the syncope in patients with L QT.

Background and Pregnancy is a potentail window in a woman’s life where she can solve or mitigate her problems with doctors 's help. On the other hand, the structure of each healthcare system is set based on the specific services it provids. The type of healthcare structure can also influence the behavior of health care providers and quality of care provided. Therefore, this study aimed to assess the structure of preconception care in urban health centers, in Mashhad, Iran, 2012. This cross-sectional study was performed in 2012 among 22 health centers in Mashhad which were selected through multi-stage sampling. The Donabedian model was applied to collect the data. It included three sections on facilities, human resources, and orgnization. Data was analyzed in SPSS V. 16. The mean scores for the structures of the health care centers, facilities, human resources, and organization were 117.09±11.71, 67.45±10.22, 25.68±2.95, and 20.04±2.86, respectively. According to the results, enhancing human and organizational infrastructures in health centers could be of great help in providing beneficial healthcare.

Background and Pes cavus and pes planus are common foot abnormalities and posture plays an important role in this concern. The aim of this study was to analyze the dynamic posture in male with pes cavus and pes planus in gait analysis by a force plate and compare that with male with pes rectus. In this semi-practical study, 30 men were divided into three groups including pes cavus, pes planus and pes rectus (n=10 per group). The subjects were recruited based on their availability. The Navicular drop test was used to screen the foot type. The subjects performed five walking trails across two platforms, which were embedded in a 10m walkway. The data was analyzed using a one-way ANOVA and Tukey's HSD Post-hoc test was used to investigate the significance of the differences. During second double support, significant differences were found between the subjects in pes planus and pes rectus and pes cavus and pes rectus in anterior-posterior and mediolateral directions (P<0.05). However, the mean position and velocity of the COP position in the first double support and single support in the mentioned directions were not significant (P>0.05). Mal-anatomical changes of foot may change the dynamic posture during daily activities, which can cause different injuries. The data of this study could help in performing better rehabilitation and corrective programs for people with foot abnormalities.

Background and Direct application of sewage sludge in agriculture is limited due to the presence of pathogens¡ improper fermentation of organic waste and heavy metals in the sludge. Co-composting of sewage sludge and other waste is a method for safe and healthy disposal to reuse sewage sludge. This study investigated the possibility of producing compost from sewage sludge and pistachio hull waste.
Material and A cross-sectional study was conducted in the winter of 2014 at the Environmental Health Engineering Research Center affiliated to Kerman University of Medical Sciences. First¡ a cylindrical reactor was made which was 30liters in volume¡ 30cmdiameter in dimensions¡ 45cm depth¡ and wall thickness of 6 mm. Pistachio hull waste with sewage sludge was mixed in a ratio of 1 to 4 and C/N ratio of 25. Reactor started with aeration rate of 5 liters per minute. The reactor content was mixed every five days¡ and the resulting compost samples were measured for moisture content¡ pH¡ electrical conductivity¡ organic carbon¡ total nitrogen¡ phosphorus¡ potassium¡ cadmium¡ and lead.
After 30 days from the start of composting process¡ the carbon to nitrogen ratio decreased to 16.5. During the composting process¡ pH increased but the amounts of electrical conductivity¡ total nitrogen¡ organic carbon¡ phosphorus¡ potassium¡ lead¡ and cadmium decreased. The maximum temperature reached 63ºc.
The properties of the produced compost including temperature¡ pH¡ electrical conductivity¡ moisture ratio¡ C/N¡P¡ K¡ and heavy metals were in category 1 and 2 of the standard compost of Iran.

Background and Presence of heavy metals in the environment could constitute a hazard to food security and public health. These can be accumulated in aquatic animals such as fish¡ therefore¡ this study was conducted to investigate the As¡ Hg¡ Zn¡ Pb¡ Cd and Cu concentrations in muscle tissue of Cyprinus carpio in Taham Dam Lake in 2013.
Material and Twenty five fish samples were randomly collected from Taham Dam Lake. After acid digestion¡ As¡ Zn¡ Pb¡ Cd and Cu concentrations were determined by ICP–OES and Hg concentration was determined by direct mercury analyzer. Data was analyzed using SPSS.
The results showed that mean concentrations of As¡ Hg¡ Zn¡ Pb¡ Cd and Cu in muscle tissue samples were 17.0±5.0¡ 26.0±4.0¡ 42.0±6.0¡ 5.0±1.0¡ 8.0±2.0¡ and 4.0±1.0 ng/g (wet weight)¡ respectively. The mean concentrations of metals were significantly lower than permissible limits recommended by FAO/WHO (P Although concentrations of studied heavy metals is lower than standard levels but mismanagement of water resources of the Taham Dam Lake could pollute the environment and increase the heavy metals accumulation in fish tissue¡ thereby endangering the health of consumers.

Background and Atrial fibrillation (AF) is a major cause of mortality and morbidity in patients after coronary artery bypass graft (CABG). Attempt for knowing indices and factor influence post CABG AF may help in finding patients at risk and prevent more complications. This study aimed to evaluate the association between diastolic dysfunction indices and grading with post CABG AF during hospitalization. We studied 120 patients including 61 men and 59 women with sinus rhythm between November 2012 to January 2013. Before CABG, they were examined by conventional echocardiography and tissue Doppler study and were monitored after surgery before being discharged. Statistically significant relationship was found between post CABG AF, DM, HTN, smoking, and use of ACEI and ARB before surgery. In Doppler tissue study a significant association was detected between LVEF and E´velocity (P<0/05). No significant relationship was observed between post CABG AF and diastolic dysfunction grading, type of surgery (off pump or on pump), number of grafts, admission days, and LA volume in conventional echocardiography (P>0/05). Based on our findings DM, HTN, smoking, LVEF, E´ velocity, ACEI and ARB usage, were independent factors related to the occurrence of AF after CABGs. Using both echocardiography and clinical data could be helpful for risk stratification of occurrence of post CABG AF.

Background and Squamous Cell Carcinoma (SCC) is the most common head and neck malignancy. To decrease the side effects of treatment and the rate of mortality, careful staging for proper treatment plan is necessary. The purpose of this prospective study was to compare the diagnostic value of two different imaging methods (Computed Tomography (CT) and Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)) in oral SCC and its lymph node metastasis in order to represent a proper treatment plan. In this prospective study, 30 patients with oral SCC approved by histopathology underwent CT-scan and MRI before surgery. The gold standard and the result of the histopathology and surgical procedure were considered. Imaging modalities of each patient were blindly evaluated by two radiologists and an oral-maxillofacial surgeon. The sensitivity and specificity of each imaging modalities were compared for size, depth of the tumor, local infiltration of tumor and cervical lymph node metastasis. Also, the result of histopathology and surgical procedure were studied. In detection of bone invasion, the sensitivity of CT-Scan and MRI was similar (62.5%) but specificity of MRI was higher than CT-Scan (94.4% versus 77.2%), (P=0.125). In detection of muscle infiltration, the sensitivity and specificity were 75% and 86.36% for CT-scan and 71.42% and 82.6% for MRI, respectively. Contrary to expectations, sensitivity and specificity of MRI in detecting bone invasion were higher than CT-Scan, whereas the sensitivity and specificity of CT-Scan in detecting muscle infiltration were higher than MRI.

Oncocytoma is a rare benign tumor of salivary gland. The name of the tumor is selected due to presence of large granular oncocytes with acidophilic cells.These tumors occur most commonly in the sixth decade of life and sex incidence is equal in men and women.The incidence of this tumor is 78% in parotid gland and 9% in submandibular gland. Oncocytoma are usually solid round tumors that could occure in every major salivary glands but it is extremely uncommon in intraoral minor salivary gland. We present a case of oncocytoma in intraoral minor salivary gland in a 45- year- old woman.

Background and Tobacco use is one of the main problems in public health and a major contributor to death from chronic diseases. This behavior starts from adolescence¡ hence¡ interventions are necessary to control and manage it. This study investigated the prevalence of smoking and the determinants of smoking behavior among male high school students in Babolsar¡ Iran.
Material and This cross-sectional study was performed in 450 male students who were selected through multistage sampling. The Global Youth Tobacco Survey (GYTS) was used to collect the data. Chi-square¡ t-test¡ and logistic regression were used to analyze the data.
The prevalence of smoking among high school students was 17.2%. The mean age of the subjects experiencing tobacco use was 15.3 0.5 and the mean age of first experience was 12.2.8. The main reasons for tobacco use were internal factors (38.5%) which included personal feelings and motives (45.5%) and forgetting the problems (30%). Also¡ external factors including having a smoker in family (25%)¡ having friends who smoke (29%)¡ and poor educational performance (6.66%) were amongst the main reasons for tobacco use. riends and emtioal factors. This associate cigarettes using survey was done in Logestic regression models.
Implementation of effective smoking prevention programs is necessary to reduce the risks associated with smoking in adolescents. These programs should focus on improving the youth’s life skills and also support their families¡ teachers¡ and school authorities in tackling this problem.

Candida species are medically significant yeast that can cause different infection ranging from mild mucosal to disseminated infection. Invasive and sever mucosal infections are often life threatening disorders, especially in immunocompromised hosts due to immunodeficiency either in adaptive or innate immunity which are susceptible to candidiasis. Nevertheless, not all of them are susceptible to candidiasis which shows that genetic variation and polymorphism in immune system can play a crucial role in infection. Although genetic variation occurs rarely in human’s genome, it has a significant role in susceptibility to fungal infections. For example, genetic variation in coding genes of PRRs (TLR2, TLR4, Dectin I, Dectin II, and NLRp3) is correlated with susceptibility to candidiasis. Results have shown polymorphisms in genes that are involved in host defense against Candida infection. Therefore, genetic and immunological studies are highly necessary to understand the pathogenesis. Recently several studies have been performed on host defense against Candida infections which might be useful in the diagnosis and treatment of fungal infections. This paper represents a comprehensive overview of genetic susceptibility in human’s Candida infection.