مجله دانشگاه علوم پزشکی مازندران
پیاپی 170 (اسفند 1397)

Azulene is a non-alternating hydrocarbon with various biological activities including anti-inflammatory activity. This study investigated the effects of azulene on granulation tissue formation and epithelialization in skin wound healing in mice. In this experimental study, 60 adult male BALB/c mice were divided into 5 groups (n=12): experimental groups I and II were treated with 1% and 2% azulene, respectively and groups III and IV were treated with nitrofurazone and ucerin cream, respectively. Group V did not receive any treatment. After deep anesthesia, a linear wound (2 cm length) was made on dorsal thoracic skin of the mice. Then, wound samples were taken at days 4, 7, 10, and 14 after treatments and processed for histological and microscopic examinations using Hematoxiline-Eosin (H&E) and Masson Trichrome staining methods. Data analysis was done in SPSS V24 applying One-way ANOVA and Tukey test. The means of granulation formation, angiogenesis, fibroblast cells, and collagen formation increased significantly in groups I and II at days 7, 10, and 14 compared to those of the negative control and sham groups (P<0.01). Also, the rate of epithelialization was higher in these groups compared with that of other groups (P<0.05). In current study, azulene could accelerate skin wound healing in BALB/c mice.

Parkinson's disease (PD) is a prevalent movement disorder in elderly with progressive motor complications due to antioxidant defense system deficiency and accumulation of degraded proteins in dopaminergic neurons of midbrain. Ginkgolide is biologically active terpenic lactones as a polyphenol, with potent antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. The present study aimed to evaluate the neuroprotective effects of Ginkgolide in 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA) rat model of PD. Intrastriatal 6-OHDA-parkinson’s disease rat model was pretreated with Ginkgolide at 50 mg/kg/day for 4 weeks. Apomorphine-induced rotation test was applied to evaluate the neuroprotective effects of Ginkgolide. In addition, the antioxidant effects of Ginkgolide were assessed by analyzing the levels of thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS), Glutathione-S-transferase (GST), reactive oxygen species (ROS) homovanillic acid (HVA), and dopamine (DA). Ginkgolide pretreatment led to reduced nigral and striatal TBARS, and ROS and increased the levels of GST, HVA, and DA. Meanwhile, Ginkgolide attenuates apomorphine-induced rotational bias and reduced contra-lateral rotation in Ginkgolide treatment group. These findings indicated the neuroprotective potential of Ginkgolide in 6- OHDA rat model of PD via amelioration of oxidative stress.

Hyperlipidemia is known as one of the major risk factors for cardiovascular disease. Thyme is one of oldest medicinal herbs that is used mainly for medicinal aims. Lipoprotein lipase (LPL) hydrolyzes triglycerides in lipoproteins and angiopoietin-like protein (ANGPTL4) is a LPL regulator, therefore, this study aimed at examining the effect of hydroalcoholic extract of thyme on serum levels of ANGPTL4 and LPL in hyperlipidemic rats. This case-control study was performed in 48 male Wistar rats weighing 180-250g. The animals were divided into 6 groups, including Becker control, fat control group, and 1, 2, 3, and 4 test groups. After induction of hyperlipidemia, test groups (1, 2, and 3) were subjected to gavage with thyme extract at 100, 200 and 300 mg/kg, respectively and group 4 was subjected to gavage with Gemfibrozil at 10 mg/kg for 10 days. Blood samples were taken from all groups and serums were collected for measuring various parameters. Serum cholesterol concentration in treatment groups receiving thyme at 200 mg/kg (p=0.035) and 300 mg/kg (p=0.003) and Gemfibrosil (p=0.025) showed a significant decrease compared to fat control group but other factors such as LPL and ANGPTL4 showed no significant changes (p<0/05). Thyme extract can be effective in lowering cholesterol levels. But further evaluations are suggested to use this extract at higher doses and longer durations to study its effect on lipid factors, LPL, and ANGPTL4.

Vascular complications of diabetes are the most common causes of mortality in diabetic patients. Hyperglycemia, insulin resistance, dyslipidemia, glycation products, oxidative stress, and inflammation lead to atherosclerosis and diabetic nephropathy in diabetes. This research aimed at studying the effect of glutamine (Gln) on main causes of vascular complications in diabetic rats with atherosclerosis. In this experimental study, 40 male Wistar rats were divided into four groups, including a control group, diabetic atherosclerosis group, and two similar groups under Gln (0.1% in drinking water) treatment. The following items were measured in all groups: fasting blood sugar, insulin, insulin resistance index, lipid profile, the activity of glyoxalase system (GLO), markers of glycation (glycated albumin, glycated LDL, glyoxal, methylglyoxal, and advanced glycation end products), oxidative stress markers (malondialdehyde and advanced oxidation end products), inflammatory markers (interleukine-6 and tumor necrosis factor-α), serum creatinine, 24-hour urine protein excretion, and kidney weight index. In diabetic-atherosclerotic group Gln reduced fasting blood sugar, insulin resistance, triglyceride level, total cholesterol, atherogenic index, markers of glycation, oxidative stress, and inflammation. The levels of Cr, 24-hour urine protein excretion, and kidney weight index were lower in treated diabetic-atherosclerotic rats than the untreated group. Gln showed elevating effect on the activity of GLO system in diabetic-atherosclerotic group (p< 0.001). Glutamine improved glucose and lipid metabolism, reduced glycation, oxidative stress, and inflammation and induced the activity of glyoxalase system. Therefore, it could have preventive effect on vascular complications of diabetes.

Enteropathogenic Escherichia coli from Enterobacteriaceae family is one of the most common causes of chronic diarrhea in children and infants. Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) method is commonly used for detection of enteropathogenic Escherichia coli species, but there are some disadvantages with this method due to the use of gel electrophoresis and staining with ethidium bromide, including being time consuming, limits on the number of samples, and toxicity of ethidium bromide. The aim of this study was to evaluate the PCR-ELISA technique for detection of enteropathogenic E.coli. In this study, Streptavidin was loaded in ELISA plate, and a specific Biotinylated probe was used to connect the PCR product. Biotinylated probe was connected to Streptavidin and the amplified gene was attached to the probe. Finally, the digoxigenin antibodies were used to identify the PCR product. The reaction was measured with an ELISA reader. eae of enteropathogenic Escherichia coli was amplified using the gene specific primers which resulted in a fragment of a 999 bp. The results of PCR-ELISA showed that this technique does not cross-react with the bacteria in their families and its sensitivity was 11 pg. PCR-ELISA technique is an accurate and rapid test for detection of infectious agents by the specific gene. PCR-ELISA could be used as an alternative method instead of time-consuming, less sensitive, and expensive techniques.

Anti-apoptotic protein Bcl-2 prevents apoptosis through the mitochondrial pathway and high-level expression of Bcl-2 is required for survival of chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL). Berberine (BBR) is an alkaloid that induces apoptosis of cancer cells via mitochondrial pathways. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of Berberine on Bcl-2 gene expression in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) of CLL patients compared to healthy subjects in vitro. In this experimental study, peripheral blood was obtained from 12 CLL patients and six age-matched healthy subjects. PBMCs were isolated by Ficoll separation and were cultured in two groups for 48 hours incubation; treated with Berberine (25 μM) and untreated. Finally, Bcl-2 gene expression was investigated in both groups following RNA extraction and cDNA synthesis by Real time PCR using SYBR Green method. Bcl-2 gene expression levels in CLL patients treated with Berberine were significantly lower than those of the untreated group (P<0.05), but no significant differences were found between healthy subjects treated with Berberine and control group. The apoptotic activity of Berberine may be mediated through the reduction of Bcl-2 mRNA expression level in leukemic cells of CLL. Considering the major role of Bcl-2 in survival of tumor cells, Berberine could be considered as a natural therapeutic option for CLL.

Ventilator-associated pneumonia is a common, serious and costly disorder in intensive care units (ICUs) that rank first in hospital infections. So, appropriate interventions are needed to prevent this condition. Eucalyptus is a plant with antibiotic properties, therefore, current study aimed at investigating its effects on prevention of endotracheal tube-associated pneumonia in ICU. A double-blind clinical trial was performed in 100 patients with endotracheal tube and on ventilator in ICU in Kermanshah Imam Reza Hospital, Iran. The patients were divided into two groups. In intervention group (n=50) 4 cc of 2% eucalyptus solution was mixed with 6 cc distilled water and in control group (n=50) 10 cc distilled water was given three times daily through a nebulizer kit connected to mechanical ventilation devices. Data on the rate of early and late pneumonia were compared based on CPIS criteria applying t-test and Chi-square. The incidence of early and late pneumonia was lower in intervention group compared to that of the controls. The decrease was significantly more in onset of late pneumonia (P=0.01). The onset of pneumonia due to mechanical ventilation was significantly higher in intervention group than that of the control group (P=0.01). Eucalyptus was found to be an effective prophylaxis that could delay the development of pulmonary infection in patients on ventilation. Therefore, it is suggested in ICUs in patients with tracheal tubes.

Painful stimulation during laryngoscopy and endotracheal intubation results in increased hemodynamic side effects. The aim of current study was to compare the effects of intranasal dexmedetomidine and remifentanil on reduction of hemodynamic changes following endotracheal intubation in children undergoing general anesthesia. A double-blind clinical trial was performed in 104 children aged 6-12 years old, undergoing general anesthesia in Isfahan Imam Hossein Hospital, Iran, 2017-2018. Patients were randomly assigned into three groups to receive intranasal (IN) remifentanil 4µg/kg, dexmedetomidine 2µg/kg (IN), or normal saline 1mL, 0.9% (IN) before the induction of anesthesia. Hemodynamic changes were recorded at one and five minutes following intubation. ANOVA and Chi-square were applied to analyze the data. Heart rate was higher in patients receiving normal saline and lower in patients
receiving dexmedetomidine (p=0.22). Mean arterial blood pressure (p=0.98) and arterial oxygenation (p=0.81) were not significantly different between the three groups. No significant side effects were observed in any group. Administration of pre-intubation intranasal dexmedetomidine, results in heart rate stabilization following intubation.

Aging is an important phenomenon. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of eight weeks of aerobic training and supplementation of green tea on plasma apelin levels and insulin resistance in elderly women with type 2 diabetes. In this quasi experimental research with pre–post-test design, 44 subjects were randomly selected from elderly women in Babol Diabetes Association, Iran. They were divided into 4 groups (n= 11 per group): exercise+supplement, exercise+placebo, supplement, and control. The exercise groups were trained for 8 weeks, 3 times per week, every session 60-minutes Nordic walking at 50 to 75% maximum heart rate. Supplement groups used green tea tablets and the placebo group used wheat flour capsules three times a day in a double-blind manner. Blood samples were collected from all subjects in fasting conditions, 48 hours before and after the exercises. The ELISA method was used to measure the biochemical variables. Univariate and multivariate analysis of variance were used for data analysis. Univariate analysis of variance showed a statistically significant effect of the group on glucose, insulin, and insulin resistance (P<0.001) and a non-significant effect on apelin (P= 0.333). Also, based on the effect size, the exercise+supplement showed greater effects on insulin (η=0.39, P<0.001), insulin resistance (η=0.38, P=0.001), and glucose level (η=0.36, P<0.001). According to current findings, the Nordic walking and supplementation of green tea improved insulin resistance and glucose level in elderly patients with type 2 diabetes. So, it could be of great benefit in maintaining physical fitness of the elderly.

Metabolic disorders are amongst the major risk factors for health in the world. This study aimed at investigating the effect of eight weeks resistance training and ginger consumption on some antioxidant markers and oxidative stress in patients with type 2 diabetes. In a double blind clinical trial with semi-experimental design, 44 patients with type 2 diabetes (mean height 169.92±7.20 cm, weight 82.41±6.34 kg, age 53.49±7.01 years, and body composition 28.57%±2.07 m2) were selected using purposive sampling. They were randomly divided into four groups: ginger rhizome, resistance training+ placebo, resistance training+ ginger rhizome, and placebo. The subjects in ginger rhizome group received that 1mg for eight weeks. Other patients attended a progressive resistance protocol with 65 to 80% 1RM for 8 weeks (three times a week). Blood samples were collected from antecubital vein before and 48 hr after the experiment. Superoxide dismutase indicator was measured by ELISA method. Data analysis was done applying independent t-test, repeated measure of ANOVA, and Tukey's Post Hoc Test. Eight weeks of resistance training and ginger significantly increased superoxide dismutase indicator in all groups except in placebo group (p≥0.05). According to current findings, long-term consumption of ginger and resistance training could be of great benefit in changing antioxidant index in patients with type 2 diabetes.

Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is the most common psychiatric disorder in children that affects the health of parents. The aim of this study was to determine the effect of mindfulness education on psychological capital of parents of ADHD children. This semi-experimental study was of pretest-posttest control group design which was carried out in 80 parents of ADHD children. The participants were selected using convenience sampling from Sari Zare Clinic, Iran, 2018. They were randomly divided into intervention group (n=40) or control group (n=40). Mindfulness education was done in 8 sessions of 90 minutes twice a week for the intervention group. Data were collected using demographic questionnaire and Luthans psychological capital questionnaire. Data were analyzed using Chi-square, t-test and covariance test. Before and after the intervention, significant differences were found between the mean values for psychological capital (60.65 ± 7.61 vs. 80.58 ± 7.59), hope (15.86 ± 3.37 vs. 21.36 ± 3.37), resilience (14.34 ± 2.85 vs. 19.34 ± 2.68), optimism (15.65 ± 2.70 vs. 20.22 ± 2.76), and self-efficacy (15.2±2.35 vs. 19.89±2.59) in intervention group. The scores after the intervention showed the significant effect of mindfulness education on psychological capital of parents of children with ADHD (P <0.05). Mindfulness education is recommended to increase the psychological capital and its dimensions in the parents of ADHD children

Identifying precancerous lesions for early detection of gastric cancer is greatly important in high risk areas for stomach cancer. In this study, we evaluated stomach biomarkers as a non-invasive method for recognition of gastric precancerous lesions. In a cross-sectional study, patients with chronic dyspeptic symptoms who were candidate for endoscopy were selected from Sari gastroenterology clinic. After endoscopic and pathological evaluations, patients were divided into three groups: those with normal endoscopic findings and pathology, patients with chronic active gastritis, and those with intestinal metaplasia. Their serum samples were evaluated for PG1, PG2, PG1/PG2 ratio, Gastrin-G17, and Helicobacter pylori serology. Data analysis was done in SPSS V21. A total of 63 patients were investigated of whom 19 were found with normal endoscopic results and pathology, 25 had chronic active gastritis, and there were 19 with intestinal metaplasia. Serum levels of PG1 and PG2 in patients with chronic active gastritis and intestinal metaplasia were higher than normal patients (p<0.05). These patients also had higher incidence of Helicobacter pylori infection compared with normal patients. (75% vs. 21%). Measurement of PG1, PG2, and anti-H pylori antibody in dyspeptic patients can be helpful in identifying gastric precancerous lesions.

Anxiety is a common disorder in patients which has a major role in social function, resumption of work, daily activity, and quality of life. This research aimed at investigating the level of anxiety in patients undergoing coronary artery bypass graft surgery. This cross-sectional study was performed in 96 patients aged 35-70 years old at Mazandaran Heart Center, Sari, Iran. The patients were selected via purposive sampling. Anxiety assessment was performed by the Spielberger State-Trait Anxiety Inventory. The mean age of the patients was 55.92±7.65, and the mean scores for state and trait anxiety were 54.84±5.54 and 53.21±5.06, respectively. There was a significant difference between males and females in the level of state-anxiety (53.72±5.1, 55.96±5.7, respectively, p= 0.05). We found a significant association between state anxiety and age (p= 0.02). State and trait anxiety were significantly different in patients with various job status (employed [55±8.67], housewife [56.29±5.5], and self-employed [53.34±4.69]) (p=0.041). In current study, patients undergoing cardiac artery bypass surgery experienced a moderate level of anxiety but patients of lower age, women, and employed patients reported higher levels of anxiety. Therefore, more attention should be paid to these groups.

Stressful life events can lead to psychological problems, heart disease, stroke, etc. Multidimensional nature of stress calls for advanced statistical methods that could evaluate these dimensions based on symptoms of stress. Therefore, current study aimed at identifying and redefining the dimensions of the stressful life events (SLE) questionnaire using a higher order factor model. This cross-sectional study was done in 4763 people participating in a project called SEPAHAN in Isfahan, Iran 2010. The perceived stress level was evaluated by the Iranian version of SLE questionnaire. First and second order exploratory and confirmatory factor models were applied for data analysis using AMOS V20. According to exploratory factor analysis, 11 domains of stress (first order factors) were extracted from 44 items, which explained 51.42% of the total variance. Based on these domains, two dimensions were identified as second-order factors (stressors), including individual and social stressors that explained 17.3% and 25.6% of total variance, respectively. The similar structure was identified both in total sample and in men and women separately. Also, the results in exploratory factor analysis were confirmed by confirmatory factor analysis (CFI =0.78, GFI =0.89, RMSEA =0.05). It was found that the second-order factor model well fitted to the dimensions of the questionnaire identified. SLE questionaire has11 domains and two higher dimensions (individual and social stressors). Studying the types of stressors could be used in preventive strategies against mental health problems and also in training useful copying styles.

Dewatered sludge of sewage treatment plants can be used in agriculture if required standards are followed. Heavy metals are among the chemical pollutants that are hazardous to health. Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate the amount of heavy metals in dewatered sludge of municipal wastewater treatment plant and compare that with the standards and sludge of other wastewater treatment plants in Iran. In this experimental study, the sludge samples were taken from the sewage sludge in Sari wastewater treatment plant. Sampling and analysis were done during four seasons with three replicates in 2017. The samples were digested and prepared for extraction of heavy metals using standard method. Heavy metal content including Cd, Pb, Cr, Zn, Cu, and Ni was measured by atomic absorption. Data were analyzed using SPSS V24 applying t-test. The average concentrations of Cd, Pb, Cr, Zn, Cu, and Ni were 0.3 ± 0.18, 35.81 ± 9.54, 62.55 ± 14.72, 950 ± 149.93, 354 ± 107.45, and 62.4 ± 18.47 mg/kg dry weight, respectively. In current study the concentrations of heavy metals in dewatered sludge were below the maximum permissible standard of 10716 Iran for compost and other standards. So, dewatered sludge of Sari wastewater treatment plant can be used in agriculture while following all parameters and composting operations.

Emotions are constitutive elements of temperament. The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between primary emotional traits and symptoms of borderline personality disorder (BPD) and also the predicting role of these traits in BPD symptoms. This cross-sectional study was carried out in Tehran, Iran 2017. The research population included 197 university students. They were recruited using convenience sampling based on the study inclusion/exclusion criteria. The participants completed the Persian version of Affective Neuroscience Personality Scale-2.4 (ANPS 2.4) and Borderline Personality Inventory (BPI). All statistical analyses were carried out in SPSS V16. The findings showed a significant positive correlation between BPD symptoms and playfulness (r=0.17, p=0.001), anger (r=0.32, p=0.001), and sadness (r=0.19, p=0.001). We found a negative relationship between seeking and BPD symptoms (r=-0.22, p=0.001). It was also found that 28% of the total variance of BPD symptoms were explained by primary emotional traits. Anger, playfulness, seeking, and sadness were significant predictors of BPD symptoms. This study confirmed emotional traits of personality. Findings also help to illustrate the possible emotional profiles of people with BPD symptoms. Hence, affective neuroscience approach could be used in diagnosis and treatment of BPD symptoms.

Sesame oil (SO) is known to have antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties and may produce protective effects against ischemic stroke-induced brain injuries. We examined the effects of treatment with SO on cerebral infarction and edema in a rat model of ischemic stroke. Thirty male Sprague Dawley rats were divided into sham, ischemic, and ischemic+SO (2 ml/kg) groups. Transient focal cerebral ischemia was induced by 60-min occlusion of the left middle cerebral artery followed by 24-hr reperfusion. Neurological sensorimotor deficits were evaluated at the end of the reperfusion period. Thereafter, measurement of the infarct volumes and investigation of ischemic brain edema formation were done. Induction of cerebral ischemia in control group produced considerable brain infarction alongside impaired sensorimotor functions and severely brain edema. Treatment with SO significantly reduced the infarct volume and improved the sensorimotor functions (p<0.01). Additionally, administration of SO significantly lowered ischemic brain edema formation (p<0.001). Treatment with sesame oil can noticeably decrease ischemic brain injury, attenuate edema formation, and improve sensorimotor disabilities.

Combination therapy in cancer is a promising approach to increase efficacy and tolerability and to decrease adverse effects and drug resistance. Recently, anti-cancer properties of H2-receptor antagonists have been reported in several pre-clinical and clinical studies. The aim of this study was to examine the effect of cimetidine and famotidine H2-blockers on cytotoxicity of doxorubicin (DOX) on A549, MCF-7, and HT-29 human cancer cell lines. The cytotoxicity of cimetidine and famotidine, alone and in combination with DOX, was determined using MTT assay after 24 h incubation. Co-administration of H2-blockers with DOX led to an increase in cytotoxicity of the cell lines studied. While DOX at 1 μM could not reduce the viability of the cultured cells below 50%, its use in combination with cimetidine or famotidine at 25 μM reduced the percentage of viable cells below 50%. Combination of cimetidine/famotidine with DOX could be a potential candidate for chemotherapy.

Mindfulness reduces stress and blood pressure in patients with chronic diseases. The aim of this research was to study the effectiveness of mindfulness on perceived stress and blood pressure control in diabetic patients. This clinical trial was performed in 50 patients with type-2 diabetes attending Touba Endocrine Clinic, Sari, Iran. They were divided into control (n=25) and intervention (n=25) groups. The training program consisted of 10 weekly sessions. Perceived stress was investigated in participants using Cohen's Perceived Stress Scale before and after the intervention. The levels of blood pressure were recorded before and after the intervention. In experimental group, there was a significant decrease in perceived stress in posttest (11.60 ± 1.55) compared with that in pretest (13.96 ± 1.84) (r=0.293, P= 0.001). But no significant difference was found in the scores of the control group (P= 0.619). The mean blood pressure level showed a significant reduction in case group (r= 0.183, P= 0.001) but it was not significantly different in control group (P=0.409). The mean blood pressure level in experimental group was significantly lower after the intervention (10.72±0.89) compared with that before the intervention (13.08±2.04) (r=0.293, P=0.001). In current study, mindfulness training reduced the perceived stress and levels of blood pressure.

Allergic rhinitis is a common disease in different parts of the world. It can cause deterioration of symptoms of comorbid diseases and has harmful effects on daily activities and social functions of patients. The aim of this study was to investigate the frequency of allergic rhinitis and comorbidities in patients attending Rasht Amiralmomenin Hospital, Iran. In this cross sectional descriptive study, 1337 patients attending an ENT Clinic were investigated from October 2014 to September 2015. Diagnosis of allergic rhinitis was made based on history, physical examination, a high score in the score for allergic rhinitis (SFAR), and positive nasal smear test for eosinophils. Then demographic data and comorbidities were recorded. Data analysis was done in SPSS V19 applying Chi-square test. The frequency of allergic rhinitis was 37.3% and 62.7% in men and women, respectively and the total frequency was 23.2%. Also, we observed more allergic rhinitis in spring and autumn than other seasons. There were significant associations between allergic rhinitis and gender and occupation, but we found no association with marital status and level of education. Allergic rhinitis was higher in some diseases as comorbidity, including adenoid hypertrophy, nasal polyps, and sinusitis. More than a quarter of patients studied had allergic rhinitis. The condition has negative effects on other symptoms and quality of life of patients. Therefore, allergic rhinitis should also be considered in patients with other ENT-related conditions.

Priapism is defined as the painful and prolonged penile erection in the absence of any sexual desire and arousal. It is considered as a urologic emergency and needs immediate attention as it can lead to sexual dysfunction. It has various etiologies, including idiopathic, medicinal, and medical ones. It is divided into two types: low-flow and high-flow. Medications, including quetiapine cause low-flow priapism. The aim of this study was to review the relationship between quetiapine use and priapism.
In most reports of drug-induced priapism, there was no relationship between the dose and duration of drug use. But a relationship was found between quetiapine use and priapism, due to overdose, continuous or single dose, and idiosyncratic reaction. Other than quetiapine, some other antipsychotics could also cause periapism. Recurrent priapism could happen in people with history of drug-induced priapism if the dug is continued. Priapism is associated with the mechanism of alpha1 adrenergic receptor blocking in the penis corpus cavernosum. The antipsychotics affinity to blocking this receptor are different and in quetiapine there is a moderate tendency. Co-administration of CYP450 inhibitors with quetiapine increases some complications such as priapism, and vice versa the inducers of these enzymes, such as smoking, alongside quetiapine decrease this complication by reducing serum levels of the drug. Awareness about the possibility of complications of quetiapine by physicians lead to prompt diagnosis and treatment, thereby preventing other associated complications.

Mitochondria plays a major role in maintaining homeostasis of heart cells. Mitochondria produce ATP and is the main intracellular source of reactive oxygen species (ROS) which can cause oxidative damage. Free oxygen radicals and oxidative damage are associated with cardiovascular pathology. Antioxidant defense can play an essential role in preventing oxidative damage by controlling free oxygen radicals. The current review study discusses latest scientific findings about cardioprotective effects of polyphenols on mitochondria, including resveratrol, quercetin, and curcumin. Resveratrol (3,5,4′-trihydroxy-trans-stilbene) is a natural polyphenol compound that is found in many fruits and vegetables such as berries and red grapes. It improves mitochondrial function by inducing gene expression of oxidative phosphorylation and mitochondrial biogenesis. Quercetin has beneficial effects on human heart and prevents oxidative damage by preventing LDL cholesterol oxidation and endothelial vasodilatation effects. Curcumin is a chemical compound (1,7-bis (4-hydroxy-3-methoxy-phenyl)-1,6-heptadine-3,5-dione) and is the active component of turmeric (Curcuma longa). Curcumin protects the cardiomyocytes from ischemic injury caused by reperfusion by reducing oxidative stress. It improves mitochondrial function of the cardiomyocytes by decreasing free oxygen radicals and improving the function of oxidative phosphorylation. The role of polyphenol compounds in preventing oxidative damage and cardioprotection should be considered beyond foods and could be investigated as lead molecules in discovery and development of new drugs.

Infertility affects different aspects of life such as physical, psychological, social, and economic wellness, thereby leading to tension in personal and interpersonal relationships of couples. On the other hand, stress, conflicts between infertile couples, and sexual problems are among the factors that reduce marital life satisfaction. Counseling is of great benefit in identifying the couples’ problems and helps them in making the right decision. The aim of this study was to investigate the role of counseling in improving different dimenstions of health of infertile couples.  A systematic review was conducted using both electronic databases and hard copy resources. Electronic databases included Google Scholar, SID, Magiran, Irandoc, Barekat, Web of Science, Science Direct, Cochrane Library, ProQuest, Scopus, PubMed (Medline), and Springer using appropriate keywords. Relevant articles published between 1979 and 2016 were studied. A total of 450 studies was identified of which 44 were selected after final revision. The study resulted in two classifications: primary (different methods of counselling and the effect of intervention) and secondary (type of intervention, frequency of sessions, and content of sessions) classifications. Counseling techniques (group consultation, cognitive behavioral therapy, and group psychotherapy) and applied methods could be helpful in changing thoughts, attitudes, and beliefs. Therefore, counseling methods could be useful for the health of individuals alongside other infertility treatments.