مجله دانشگاه علوم پزشکی مازندران
پیاپی 28 (پاییز 1379)

Background and The regulation of blood glucose is one of the complex phenomenon which is affected by several hormonal and neural systems. Beside hormonal factors, neurological factors, such as different neurotransmitters, including Gama amino buturic acid (GÂBÂ) present in nervous system of mammals playa role in regulation of blood glucose level. Ïn this study male albino rats with weight rang of 20-25 gms were selected and intracerebroventricular (Ï.Ç.V.) injection of GÂBÂ-Â receptor antagonists (picrotoxin 50ng and bicuculline 25ng) and GÂBÂ-Â receptor agonist (muscimol 25 and 50 ng) was given to experimental group animals and results were compared with control group which received only normal salin. The mean value of blood glucose variation in each dose was determined and statistical analysis was done by one way variation and also student’s T.test. Âny how the point of significancy was considered as (P<0.05). The results indicate that picrotoxin in the dose of 50ng Ï.Ç.V. could increase the blood glucose level as compar to control group and Ï.Ç.V. injection od muscimol in the dose of (25, 50ng) could reverse the hyperglycemic effect of picroloxin significantly (P<0.05). Bicuculline in the dose of 25 ng Ï.Ç.V. caused hyperglycemia which could also be reversed by muscimol (25 ng Ï.Ç.V.) significantly. Çonclusion: Ït seems GÂBÂ-Â receptor causes hypoglycemia by increasing the plasma level of insulin and decreasing the plasma levels of Glucagon and somatostatin. Therefore GÂBÂ-Â receptors have an inhibitory effect on regulation of blood glucose level.

Background and Suicide is among ten causes of mortality and morbidity in the world. The incidence of suicide in the countries known as the suicide ring is 10-25 in hundred thousands annually. Therefore, due to the lack of proper and exact statistical reports on suicide, all the files related to suicide cases were collected from the courts and forensic medicine department for this study. This is a prospective as well as a retrospective study in which the data were collected from 26 centers in Mazandaran province and analyzed statistically y X2 and student’s t-test. The incidence of suicide was 1.4/100000 in 1990 and 2.3/100000 in 1991. Psychiatric patients specially the young and youngsters, females and married ones were among the high risk cases. Âmong the methods of suicide, self burning, hanging and poisoning had a high rate of mortality. Çonclusion: The threat of suicide in a young country like Ïran, with increasing rate of population and identity disorders among young generation in one end and other special difficulties in a competitive society from the other end, needs more attention of the administrators. Priority should be given to proper communication services, and identification of cases and also establishment of equipped medical service centres are recommended.

Background and Lesion on neural fiber is a phenomenon which can lead to cell death of the relevant functional neurons through a retrograde degeneration. Ïn order to show the probable effect of existing trophic factors present in immature brain (fetus) in maintaining and existence of mature motor neurons, this study was conducted experimentally on animals. Ïn this study we transected the hypoglossal nerve in 12 males wistar rat of 2 months old. The rats were divided into two, Çontrol and experimental groups. They were injected with 0.1 ml of fetal brain extract daily for 14 days. Ând in the same way the control group received normal saline. Âfter two weeks all the rats were anesthetized and perfused with formalin (10%). Âfter fixation, the brain stem of all rats were dissected, processed and serially sectioned (with 5 micron thickness), stained and then pericaryon of neurons of hypoglossal neucleus were counted and compared the unoperated and operated side in all the cases. The result of this research showed that there was considerable reduction of the number of the neurons in the nuclei of the hypoglossal which had lesions in the control group as compare to the experimental group. Çonclusion: This result indicates that in spite of disconnection of axonal neurons with the target organ in the experimental group probably via proximal end of transected nerves, and through axonal transport, fetal brain drived trophic factors, transport to pericaryons of neurons and therefore prevent them from neuronal death in experimental group.

Background and Major changes occur in an individuals life after his acceptance in the university which cloud be considered as every important period of his life. This new condition is stressful and can affect the newly admitted student’s mental health. Ïn this article we analyze the mental health status of newly admitted students to Mazandaran university of medical sciences in the academic year 1999-2000. Ïn this descriptive study all the newly admitted students in 1999-2000 Âcademic year at Mazandaran university of medical sciences were evaluated. These students were requested to fill a demographic Questionair and SÇL-ao-R. The findings indicated that newly admitted students were suspected to suffer from paranoid ideation (55.4%) depression (44.3%) inter personal sensitivity (40.7%) obession (40.7%) and anxiety (36%). The results also showed significant differences between mental health scores in variables such as sex, marital status, educational majors, economic self dependency and interest in their educational majors in at least one or more dimensions of check list. 51.8% of students (56.5% of female and 41.5% of males) were suspected to suffer from a kind of mental disorder. Çonclusion: Ïncreased mental health problems and suspected rate of mental disorders among university students in this study as compare to previous studied requires, the officials and authorities responsible in this field, to pay more attention to the problems of mental health among the students and it necessitates the activation of students consuling centers, comprehensive devices, regular adequate consuling and psychiatric services, regular and continous mental health training can improve and promote the status of mental health among the students especially among the freshmen.

Background and The number of unintended pregnancies have been increased in many countries. Âfter other ulternative methods, oral contraceptive pills are most widely used method of contraception in Ïran and the other countries in the world. This study was conducted in order to determine the know how in contraceptive pills (continuous use, missed ones and the number of missed pills, the time interval, side effects and etc.) specially the combined form (L.D). This research was cross-sectional descriptive method done on 382 women referred to Birjand Nursing homes for delivery and had consumed oral contraceptive pills, monophasic and combined forms, at least three moths prior to the last pregnancy. To analyze the obtained results statistically, X2 test we used. From the total of 382 pregnancies, 194(50.8%) were planned and 188 (49.2%) were unintended pregnancies. 65% of the unintended cases stopped using pills prior to the last pregnancy and in 69% of such cases minor side effects (changes of mood, irritability, nausea, vomiting and dizziness) were the main reason for the stoppage. 24.5% of unintended pregnancies were due to lack of knowledge about the post missed pills behaviour. 60.7% of the unintended pregnanvies who stopped the use of pills, did not use ulternative methods of contraception. 39.3% of cases after stoppage of pills for a time interral after that, used other unreliable ulternatives like withdrawal and condom for contraception. 76.4% of the cases missed one or more pills in a box and only 43.5% followed the pill free interwal in a exact manner. Çonclusion: Ünnecessary missing of pills and unproper management after missing, are the main resons for unintended pregnancies. Finding of this research stress upon the improvement of education and consulation methods in family planning centers.

Background and Histamine is a neurotransmitter present in the brain of mammals which produces its physiological effects on target cells by stimulation of three types of receptors H1, H2 and H3. Various reports nowadays indicate the role of histamine in reduction of pain transmission. This study was designed to determine the role of histamine receptors in reduction of pain. Ïn this study, effects of different histamine receptor agonists and antagonists on the nociceptive threshold were investigated in mice by thermal (hot plate) and chemical (acetic acid-induced abdominal writhing) stimuli. Ïntracerebroventricular (Ï.Ç.V.) injection of the histamine H1 receptor agonist HTMT (50 μ g per mouse) produced a significant hypernociceptive response in the hot plate and writhing tests. This dose of HTMT had no significant effect on the motor coordination on rota rod test. Ïntra peritoneal(Ï.P)injection of histamine H1 receptor antagonist, dexchloropheniramine (30 and 40 mg/kg) and diphenhydramine (20 and 40 mg/kg) caused a dose dependent antinociception in both tests. But since all the doses of dephenhydramine in this experiment caused motor impairment in rota rod, it seems that diphenhydramine is not a real pain antagonist. Çombined injection of HTMT with dexchlorpheniramine (20 mg/kh, i.p) did not change pain threshold in hot plate teat. The histamine H2 receptor agonist, dimaprit (50 and 100 μ gm per mouse, Ï.Ç.V) and ranitidine, histamine H2 receptor antagonist (50 and 100 μ gm per mouse, Ï.Ç.V) raised the pain threshold in both hot plate and writhing tests. Histamine H2 receptor agonist, imetit(25-50mg/kg, Ï.P.) and histamine H3 receptor antagonist, thioperamide (25 and 50 mg/kg, Ï.P.) decreased or increased pain threshold in hot plate, respectively. The dose of 25 mg/kg, Ï.P. of thioperamide significantly antagonized hyper nociceptive response induced by imetit. Çonclusion: These results suggest that histamine receptor mechanisms have a retrogative effect on the pain caused by hot plate.

Chondrosarcoma of head and neck is a very rare tumor. Ïn this article a single case referred to Ë.N.T. department of Rasoul-e-Âkram hospital is being reported. Ân extensive tumor which involved nasal¡ posterior ethmoidal sinuses¡ sphenoid and intracranial regions which could cause a difficulty in its treatment. Delay in consultation and diagnosis could be the reasons for massive extention of the tumor. The most important symptoms are nasal block and epistaxis and the treatment is complete resection by a selective surgery.