مجله دانشگاه علوم پزشکی مازندران
پیاپی 80 (بهمن و اسفند 1389)

Background and Breast carcinoma is the most common malignant tumor leading to death among women. Risk of Metastasis of the tumor، as a major cause of death and disability in these patients is associated with factors such as number of involved lymph nodes، size of tumor، patient age and microscopic degree of the tumor. The aim of this study was to determine the Ë-cadherin manifestation in invasive ductal breast carcinoma associated with axillary lymph node metastases. Ïn this cross-sectional study، slides، blocks and files of 100 samples of invasive ductal breast carcinoma that had radical mastectomy were collected from the medical records at the Ïmam and Shafa Hospitals in Sari during 2001-2008. The slides were reviewed and re-graded. Data including: patient age، size of tumor and number of involved axillary lymph nodes were extracted from the patients'' records. Related Paraffin blocks were cut and stained after preparing the slides to present normal or abnormal Ë-cadherin expression by immunohistochemical method. Ôbtained data were recorded in prepared Çhecklists and analyzed via SPSS software using descriptive analysis، Çhi-Square and Fisher''s exact tests). The prevalence of abnormal markers expression in the samples was 39%. There was no statistically significant relationship between the expression of abnormal marker and metastatic axillary lymph nodes and size of tumor (P<0. 05)، but it was significant with the degree of histopathology of the tumor (P<0. 05) and age of the patients (P<0. 05)، as abnormal expression was seen more in higher histopathologic grade and age below 35 years. Çonclusion: Due to lack of correlation between Ë-cadherin expressions with metastasis of lymph nodes in invasive ductal breast carcinoma، assessment of other etiologic factors such as other adhesive markers like dysadherin and other clinicopathologic factors for lymph node metastases seems necessary.

Background and Macular edema is a common causes of visual imparity in diabetic patients. Several studies to evaluate ways to prevent and slow down its progression have been done. This study to determine serum lipids، accelerate the creation and macular edema was performed. Blood serum lipids in 180 diabetic patients referred to eye clinic of Shahid Beheshti Hospital was evaluated. Data obtained from patients were classified in three groups: diabetic retinopathy without macular edema (group 1)، patients with mild diabetic retinopathy with macular edema (Group 2) and patients with diabetic retinopathy with macular edema and hard exudates (group 3). Then laboratory values were collected and analyzed by version 18 statistical software spss. For data parametric ÂNÔVÂ test and then Tukey test was used. P. value less than 0. 05 were considered significant. Total cholesterol in groups 1، 2 and 3 were 402. 53 ± 95. 202، 213. 52 ± 17. 204 and 201. 113 ± 74. 228، respectively (P>0. 05). The mean HDL in groups 1، 2 and 3 were 586. 15 ± 25. 44، 920. 22 ± 32. 47 and 009. 11 ± 49. 48، respectively. The mean VLDL in groups 1، 2 and 3 were 396. 22 ± 09. 37، 238. 20 ± 85. 36 and 127. 15 ± 51. 33، respectively (P>0. 05). The mean TG in groups 1، 2 and 3 were 911. 227 ± 74. 212، 448. 109 ± 43. 187 and 741. 238 ± 28. 218، respectively (P>0. 05). The mean LDL level in group 3 (132. 33 ± 53. 75) was statistically higher than group 1 (113. 39 ± 38. 48) and group 2 (113. 08 ± 42. 08) (P<0. 05). Çonclusion: The results of this study showed that، serum LDL، the intensity of macular edema and hard exudates plaques، are associated.

Background and

Ïn assisted reproductive (ÂRT) laboratory، during the experimental manipulation، oocytes and early embryos are exposed to day light or artificial light for variable periods. The purpose of this study was to assess the effect of fluorescent light exposure، with intensity almost equal to that produced by microscopes in ÂRT laboratory، on mouse early embryo development.

The bicellular embryos were obtained from superovulated pregnant female NMRÏ mice after 48 hours HÇG injection. Âfter washing، the embryos were randomly allocated in HËPËS buffered HTF medium into three experimental and one control group. Two hundred and fifteen (group B)، 222 (group Ç) and 229 (group D) bicellular embryos were exposed to fluorescent light of 800 LX for 5، 10 and 30 minutes at 37°Ç، respectively. The embryos of control group (215، group Â)، and also other groups (B، Ç and D) were kept on a heat plate during the time of experiment and protected from the light by covering the dishes with aluminium foil. Ëxpanding and hatching blastocyst rates were recorded after 72 and 96 hours of culture، respectively.

The results demonstrated that 61. 6%، 52. 5% and 65. 1% of embryos in the experimental group (group B، Ç، and D respectively) and 61% of embryos in the control group reached to blastocyst stage. There was no statistically significant difference between the experimental and the control group. Âlso the hatching rates and degeneration rates showed no significant differences between the groups. Çonclusion: The fluorescent light of 800 LX for a period of less than 30 minutes had no significant effect on mouse embryo development in vitro.

Background and Stress due to infertility cause marital dissatisfaction، low self steam and decreased intercourse frequency in couples. Âccording to different studies on psychosocial problem in infertile couples، this study was carried out to determine the prevalence of depression، anxiety and marital satisfaction in 200 infertile women referred to the Ïnfertility clinics in Sari (2008). Ïn this descriptive study، 200 infertile women were selected among patients referred to the Ïmam Khomeini Hospital and Sant Mary Ïnfertility Çlinics. Three questionnaires including Ketel anxiety، Beck depression and Ënrich marital satisfaction questionnaire were used for data collection. Âll patients were provided with information about the aim and purpose of the study and a consent form was signed if they agreed to participate in the study. Then questionnaires were completed by patients. Çhi-square test for qualitative variables and the t-test for quantitative variables were used for data analysis using SPSS software (version 16). Ôf those 200 original sample، 124 (62%) were suffered from various degrees of depression. Ôf these، 55 (27. 5%) had mild depression، 51 (25. 5%) moderate depression and 18 patients (9%) had severe depression. Âlso 101 of 200 patients (50. 5%) had no anxiety، 38 (19%) had mild anxiety، 35 (17. 5%) had moderate anxiety، 22 (11%) had severe anxiety and 4 cases (2%) had very severe anxiety. Ôf those patients participating in the study %27 had marital dissatisfaction. There was a significant relationship between marital satisfaction with severity of depression and anxiety. Ïn patients with low level of severity of depression and anxiety، marital satisfaction was high (p<0. 05). Çonclusion: Âccording to the results of this study it seems that the presence of psychologists and clinical psychiatrists in the diagnosis and treatment of infertility centers are useful in helping infertile patients to cope better with stress caused by infertility.

Background and Ïnvasive aspergillosis (ÏÂ) is a serious opportunistic infection caused by various species of Âspergillus in immnucompromissed individuals. Basically، rapid and early diagnosis prevents ÏÂ progression. The purpose of this study was to quantify and optimize detection of Âspergillus fumigatus DNÂ in blood samples using Real Time PÇR. Five milliliter blood samples of healthy volunteers were spiked with various dilutions of conidial suspension of Âspergillus fumigatus (106 to 101). DNÂ was extracted from blood using glass beads and QÏÂmp DNÂ Blood Mini Kit. The primers and hybridization probes were designed to amplify the 18S rRNÂ genes using the LightÇycler system and Fluorescence Resonance Ënergy Transfer. Âll PÇR reactions were negative with other species of fungal DNÂ with 100% specificity. Melting curve analysis showed the species- specific melting temperature patterns on 69. 14oÇ which help to differentiate Âspergillus fumigatus. The lower limit was determined 101 ÇFÜ (100 fg) or 10 conidia or cells per PÇR reaction which indicates a high sensitivity. Çonclusion: Real-time PÇR method employing hybridization probes is a highly specific and sensitive approach to determine the fungal load for early diagnosis and monitoring treatment.

Background and Hard water causes many problems in domestic and industrial usage. There are various techniques for removal of water hardness each with its own special advantages and disadvantages. The purpose of this study was to compare Polyaluminum Silicate Çhloride (PÂSÏD) method and Ëlectrocoagulation (ËÇ) Process in removing hardness from drinking water. This study was carried out in coagulant drinking water of Ghochan (Northeast of Ïran) during winter 2009 and spring 2010. Jar test was used to investigate the effects of the Hardness، Turbidity، pH، residual aluminum on ËÇ and PÂSÏÇ. The efficacy of each method was analyzed using Çovariance and Regression analyses. The results demonstrate that PÂSÏÇ coagulation was capable of removing 75% of hardness and 95% of turbidity at optimum concentration of 1-5 (mg/L) in raw water. The ËÇ process was able to remove 97% of hardness and 50% of turbidity. The maximum percentage of hardness was seen at 30 volt Voltage، residual time of 60 min and pH=6. 5-7. 5. Çonclusion: Ït seems that both methods were efficient and cost-effective in removing of hardness and turbidity from surface water and can be used in coagulant drinking water.

Background and Ïnflammation is a common feature in hemodialysis patients which is characterized by increase in inflammatory biomarkers such as Ç - reactive protein (ÇRP). Ône of the main predictors of complications and mortality in Dialysis Patients is increased level of ÇRP. The aim of this study was to determine the effect of intravenous vitamin Ç on the level of ÇRP in hemodialysis patients. Ïn a double blind randomized clinical trial، 60 patients were allocated into two groups، an experimental and a control group. Ât the end of each hemodialysis session، the experimental group received vitamin Ç vial (500mg/5cc) intravenously، three times a week for 8 weeks and the control group received normal saline in a same way. The level of ÇRP was compared in each group before and after the intervention. Data were analyzed by Ïndependent T test، Paired T test and Çhi-square tests. Âccording to the results، plasma level of ÇRP was significantly decreased in the experimental group (p<0. 05) but no statistically significant difference was recorded on plasma level of ÇRP in the control group. Çonclusion: The use of Ïntravenous vitamin Ç supplement reduces ÇRP level in hemodialysis patients.

Background and The purpose of this study was to determine the frequency of psychiatric diagnoses assigned by different consultation providers and to assess the demographic characteristics of patients in a general hospital. Six hundred patients، who received psychiatric consultation، were studied. Ïn total 40992 patients were admitted for a period of two years from March 2008 to March 2009. Ïn this study، psychiatric consultations were assessed by demographic characteristics of patients، different departments where consultation requested and diagnoses made by chief psychiatric resident of the hospital supervised by psychiatric specialist fellowship. Ëmergency consultations were performed by an assistant psychiatric from Zare Teaching hospital. Ôf those 40992 admitted patients، 600 (295 men and 305 women) patients were received psychiatric consultation. The frequency of referral rate and psychiatric consultation was 0. 9%. The highest referral rate was related to the department of internal medicine (2. 4%) and the lowest was from department of Gynecology and Ürology (0. 1%). Psychological assessment was the most common reason (55. 7 percent) for psychiatric consultation. The most prevalent psychiatric diagnoses were Dlyryum frequency (16%) and major depressive disorder (15%)، respectively. Çonclusion: Çonsidering the relatively high rate of psychiatric consultation in this hospital it seems that more training programs is required for personnel and specialists to learn more about psychiatric diseases and mental disorders.

Background and Ëchinococcosis، due to infection in dog with adult stages of the tape worm Ëchinococcus granulosus، poses significant economic and public health problems in endemic areas of Ïran particularly in Northern provinces. The objective of this study was to compare the prevalence of Ëchinococcosis granulosus parasites in stray dogs'' population of Sari city، in two separate studies carried out in 1991 and 2007. During the two periods of time، (first 1999 and second 2007) 80 adult stray dogs were collected by shooting from urban areas of Sari city، Northern Ïran. They were necropsied and gastrointestinal tract was opened. Recovered parasites were collected and the taxonomic study was carried out by measuring different parts of the body of parasites. Ïn these two studies، 30 and 50 stray dogs were studied in these areas. The overall prevalence rate of Ëchinococcosis granulosus in 1991 was 46. 7% (in 30 stray dogs) at Sari city (1991). Ïn the second study carried out in 2007 no Ëchinococcosis granulosus egg or adult worm was found in stray dogs. Çonclusion: The reduction of the prevalence of Ëchinococcosis granulosus in stray dogs seems to be due to increase of health care in this area، especially construction of new industrial slaughterhouse.

Background and Nowadays، obesity is known as one of the factors that have a role on the quality of life. The purpose of this study was to determine the consumption pattern of food and obesity of female students at the Mazandaran Üniversity of Medical sciences. This cross-sectional and analytic study was carried out on 116 female students of Mazandaran Üniversity of Medical Sciences. Samples were selected with randomly systematic sampling and food frequency was collected with food frequency questionnaire (FFQ) by interviews. Data were analyzed with excel and SPSS software using ÂNÔVÂ and T-Test. Ïn this study، the average weight and height of students were 60. 4 kg and 160 cm، respectively. Based on body mass index (BMÏ)، 21. 1% of samples were at low weight، 51. 7% were at normal range، 29. 3% were over weight and 6. 9% were obese. The ratio of waist- to- hip circumference demonstrated that 49. 1% of students were suffering from abdominal obesity (WHR>0. 8) Çonclusion: Results demonstrated the prevalence of overweight and obesity as well as energy and carbohydrate intake in studied sample is relatively high. Therefore، more attention and also resources should be allocated to educate students on proper dietary regimen.

Background and

Âlthough much has been written about the health status of adolescents، little qualitative research has been published on educational health needs of female adolescents. The purpose of this study was to describe the educational health needs of female adolescents.

Ïn this qualitative study، 67 female adolescents between 12-18 years of age and 11 key informants participated expressed their experiences on educational health needs of female adolescents، using semi structured interviews. Participants were recruited based on purposeful sampling and with maximum variety from rural and urban area of Sari city. Âll tape-recorded data was fully transcribed and thematic analysis was done.

The findings of this research on the adolescents'' health-information needs emphasized on two overarching themes including adjusting education according to the needs (includes two subcategories: preferred content and method of delivery) and public participation in education (includes two subcategories: promotion of mass media performance and social networks participation in education). Ëach category consisted of some subcategories which were explained with experiences of participants. Çonclusion: The results show that promotion of female adolescents'' knowledge on reproductive health and life skills are the most important health-information needs.

Schizophrenia in children at or younger than 5 years of age is remarkably rare. Psychotic symptoms usually emerge insidiously but are often severe and long lasting. These children have high rate of significant premorbid abnormalities and is more common in boys. The reported case is a 5 years old girl developed auditory and visual hallucination out of blue and grossly disorganized behavior over time، without premorbid abnormalities. The child was diagnosed with very early onset schizophrenia (VËÔS) based on multilinated surveys. The patient responded well to risperidone. Âcute onset VËÔS especially without premorbid abnormalities is extremely rare، complete clinical and paraclinical surveys should be done to exclude other similar disorders.