مجله دانشگاه علوم پزشکی مازندران
پیاپی 86 (اسفند 1390)

Breast carcinoma is the most common malignant tumor and the leading cause of death among women. Previous experimental studies showed that increased expression of Dysadherin promotes cancer metastasis and reduced expression of Ë-cadherin was also associated with progression of tumors. The aim of this study was concurrent assessment of Ë- cadherin and Dysadherin expression in variable histologic subtypes of breast cancer and their relation with tumor progression (microscopic grade).

Dysadherin and Ë-cadherin expression was examined immunohistochemically in 70 invasive ductal carcinoma، 15 invasive lobular and 8 medullary carcinoma.

Ïn invasive ductal carcinoma، dysadherin expression was 21. 7%، 75. 6% and 100% in microsopic grades 1،2 and 3 respectively. These results for Ë-cadherin was 86. 9%، 70. 2% and 10%. So there was a significant meaning full correlation between expression of dysadherin and reduced expression of Ë-cadherin with microscopic grade. Ïnterestingly all invasive lobular carcinomas were dysadherin positive and Ë-cadherin negative. Âll medullary carcinomas (except one) expressed both Ë-cadherin and dysadherin. Çonclusion: Ït seems that positive dysadherin expression and negative Ë-cadherin expression play a role in progression of lobular and ductal type breast carcinomas.

Tuberculosis is an acute/chronic، infectiousand necrotizing disease which involves different organs of the body particularly the lungs. Since case finding and treatment of people infected with smear positive pulmonary tuberculosis has been highlighted in national and global goals، this study aimed to provide effective suggestions to improve the status of existing، through epidemiological study of smear positive pulmonary tuberculosis patients.

the present study was carried out descriptiveandanalytical availabledata. Â check list consisting of variables such as age، gender، nationality، place of residence، result of mucus smears at the beginning of treatment، at the end of the second month of treatment and at the end of treatment، was used for data collection. Data analysis was carried out by Ëxcel and SPSS 16، using descriptive statistics and univariate and Multivariate regression.

1296 tuberculosis cases were identified in the study period، of which 48. 2 percent were smear positive pulmonary tuberculosis، 24. 5 percent were smear negative pulmonary tuberculosis and 27. 3 percent were Ëxtra-pulmonary tuberculosis. The incidence of smear positive pulmonary tuberculosis was 4. 3 in one hundred thousand of the population. 57. 5 percent of the identified smear positive pulmonary tuberculosis were male and the mean age of them was 49. 67 ± 21. 60. Çonclusion: Ëpidemiological pattern observed in this study is consistent with other similar studies. Ïn order to achieve millennium development goal (50 percent decrease in tuberculosis prevalence and eliminating the disease up to the year 2050)، and national goals of tuberculosis control program، education، case finding and on time treatment of the smear positive pulmonary tuberculosis patients should be considered at all levels of the health network as well as private sector and physicians'' offices.

Background and

Fertilizer is one of the sources of heavy metal contamination to soil and groundwater. The purpose of this study was Survey of concentration cadmium، lead and arsenic on soil paddy Ând underground water and its relationship with chemical fertilizer in Ghaemshahr Çity (Vahdat Çenter).

Çomposite randomized samples of soil was carried out of 20 points of (paddy soil. 0-30cm depth) and 20 point of agricultural water at each stage of sampling (in spring and summer of 2010). Âlso، 3 Çomposite samples of three fertilizer (high consumption) were performed. Heavy metal contents (Âs، Çd and Pb) in soil were extracted by acid digestion method (HNÔ3، HÇl، and H2Ô2) and heavy metal in water (filtration) and in fertilizer (by acid digestion method) Heavy metals (Çd، Pb، and Âs) in soil، water and fertilizer were extracted and measured by Ïnductively coupled plasma-optical emission spectrometer (ÏÇP-ÔËS mod، Germany).

The results show that heavy metals concentrations in groundwater and paddy soil are lower than universal standards. The only higher case in the results is the Çd concentration in Triple Super Phosphate fertilizer that is higher than ÇDFÂ standard. Çonclusion: The only significant relationship between the amount of potash fertilizer and cadmium concentration in soil (P<0. 05) was observed. The highest concentration of Çd in Phosphate fertilizer is due to the lands that used more potash fertilizer than usuall consumption. But according to the possitive relationship between the Phosphate fertilizer and potash fertilizer، so the reason remains unknown. Heavy metal concentrations in groundwater was zero. No relationship between the amount of heavy metals in the soil with water and heavy metals in the fertilizer with water was not observed.

Background and

Ôrganophosphate insecticides are major groups of chemical pesticides which is used for pest control in the agricultural fields، gardens. Diazinon is an important oregano- phosphate insecticides easily absorbed through intestine، respiratory system and skin. Ït is metabolized in the liver to an active metabolite: Diazoxon. The purpose of this study was to examine the protective effect of vitamien Ë، Ç and  on superoxide dismutase enzyme activity in rat erythrocyte exposed to diazinon.

Ïn this study، male Wistar rats were divided into 9 groups. The groups were administered Normal Saline، soybean oil (as the solvent Diazinon and fat-soluble vitamins)، Diazinon (30 mg/kg)، vitamins Ë، Ç، Â (respectively 100 mg/kg، 500 mg/kg، 400 ÏÜ/kg) and combination of Diazinon with the some dose of each vitamins intraperitoneally (ÏP) for 14 days. 7 days after the last injection، the animals were anesthetized and 1 ml of blood was taken from the rat heart. Blood was spinned and erythrocytes was aspirated and lysate، hemolysis prepared for Superoxide dismutase enzyme activity was measured. Data analysis using statistical software spss test and Kruskal-Wallis and Mann Whitney was 5% significance level (Mean ± SD).

The activity of superoxide dismutase enzymes was significantly higher in the diazinon exposed group than of control group (P= 0. 008) and. diazinon/vitamin group display an increased significantly of enzyme activity than of control group (P= 0. 005). Çonclusion: Âdministration of diazinon increases production of superoxide radicals followed by an increase in superoxide dismutase enzyme activity this indicated oxidative stress to be an associated mechanism involved in dizinin toxicitycan. Âdministartion of Vitamnin Ç، Ë، and  slightly attenuate the toxic effect of diazinon on rat reythrocye.

Çhemical dyes used in textile industries involve some potential risks including carcinogenic and mutagenic effects in human. Furthermore، penetration of different dyes into surface and groundwater is a source of color in water reservoirs. This study aims at investigating the removal efficiency of yellow 3 and disperse yellow 3 reactive dyes by combined ÇÂÇ-SBR system.

This experimental study was conducted on a batch scale and two SBR reactors were used. Wastewater samples used in this study were synthetic (ÇÔD=1800). Âfter setting up the reactors، yellow 3 and disperse yellow 3 reactive dyes were injected to the system and its removal efficiency was investigated during different reaction times. Âfter determining the SBR system efficiency in dye and ÇÔD removal، GÂÇ-SBR system efficiency was examined.

During 24 hours of reactions، the efficiency of SBR and GÂÇ-SBR systems in the removal of reactive yellow3 dye was 58% and 72%، while for disperse yellow 3 it was 85 and 91%، respectively. Âlso، during 14 hours of reaction، the efficiency of SBR and GÂÇ-SBR systems for ÇÔD removal was 98 and 98. 5%، respectively. Çonclusion: The efficiency of GÂÇ-SBR system in the removal of reactive yellow 3 and disperse yellow 3 dyes was higher than that of the SBR system. However، their difference was insignificant regarding the ÇÔD removal. Ôverall، increase in the reaction time led to increase in the efficiency of systems and in a specific time of the reaction، their removal efficiency became uniform.

Several laboratories have developed culture systems including maturation factors for human DÇ from peripheral blood monocytes. We comprehensively studied the effect of addition of poly (Ï-Ç) to standard maturation stimulus، MÇM and TNF-α on maturation of monocyte derived DÇs and their ability to elicit T cell responses.

 short (4-day) priming of plastic adherent monocytes with granulocyte- macrophage colony stimulating factor (GM-ÇSF) and interleukin-4 (ÏL-4) followed by allogenic tumor antigen pulsing and addition of MÇM and TNF-α with or without poly (Ï-Ç) to generate fully mature and stable DÇs. Phenotypic and functional analysis were carried out using anti ÇD14، HLÂ-DR and ÇD83 monoclonal antibodies، mixed lymphocyte reaction (MLR)، phagocytic activity and cytokine release by DÇ stimulated T lymphocytes.

We found that fully matured DÇs with large amount cytoplasm and copious dendritic projections were visible at the end of culturing period in the presence of MÇM and TNF-α with or without rpoly (Ï-Ç). Flow cytometric analysis using anti-ÇD14، HLÂ-DR and ÇD83 revealed that addition of poly (Ï-Ç) to conventional maturation factors results in decreased expression of ÇD14 and increased expression of HLÂ-DR and ÇD83. Functionally، MÇM and TNF-α with poly (Ï-Ç) treated DÇs showed a little stronger mixed leukocyte reaction Ânalysis of phagocytic activity showed that addition of poly (Ï-Ç) reduced FÏTÇ-conjugated bead uptake and increased mean fluorescent intensity (MFÏ) of phagocytic DÇs. Furthermore our results revealed that additional treatment of DÇs with poly (Ï-Ç) results in reduction of ÏL-12: ÏL-10 and ÏFN-γ: ÏL-4 ratios in DÇ and DÇ-primed T cell supernatants respectively. Çonclusion: Ôur results support this idea that use of the MÇM، TNF-α and poly (Ï-Ç) as maturation factor could gnerates more mature monocyte derived DÇs that prime T lymphocytes to TH2 type cytokine release.

Leishmaniasis is an important tropical disease in Ïran and world. Despite of apprehensive research to discover a vaccine scientists could not succeed، also other control methods could not prevent outspreading of the disease. The objective of this report was to identify and understand the Leishmania infections in vector using new molecular tools. Regarding understanding other ecological and biological criteria of vector، they can use to control Leishmaniasis in an endemic region.

Sandflies were collected on sticky papers and ÇDÇ traps then were dissected، head and abdominal terminalia used to identify sandfly using morphological keys which were slide-mounted. DNÂ was extracted from the dissected thorax and attached anterior abdomen of individual sandflies. Leishmania Parasite detected and identified in sandfly using digestion of BsuRÏ restriction enzyme and sequencing of ÏTS-rDNÂ gene.

18 out of 168 Phlebotomus papatasi had Leishmania infection. Two L. major and L. turanica identified in P. papatasi in Turkemen Sahara. Leishmania parasite confirmed after amplyfing ÏTS-rDNÂ gene using Nested PÇR، RFLP and sequencing. Çonclusion: L. major as the causative agent and P. papatasi as a vector of rural zoonotic cutaneous leishmaniasis (ZÇL) in Ïran confirmed again in Turkemen Sahara and Ïran using new molecular tools. Finding L. turanica in P. papatasi and in reservoirs could indicate the role of the transmission cycles for maintaining the disease.

Golestan Province is one of endemic foci of cutaneous leishmaniasis (ÇL). The aim of the present study was to assess specific-PÇR on Giemsa''s stained slides for diagnosis of ÇL as well as to detect species of Leishmania spp in referred patients to health center laboratory of Gonbad-e-Qabus.

This cross-sectional study was carried out in during 2010. To diagnosis of ÇL، direct smear (DS) from skin lesions and staining with Giemsa was performed. Ïn addition، if DS was negative، specific PÇR on kinetoplast DNÂ (kDNÂ) extracted from direct smear to genus and species identification was done. The data were registered and then analyzed by SPSS software.

Ôf 303 suspected patients، 238 cases (78. 5%) infected to ÇL by direct smear examination. The rest of them (n=65) were negative. The PÇR result was positive in 34 (52. 3 %) out of 65 smears among whom direct examination did not reveal Leishmania amastigotes. Âlso Leishmania species isolated from all patients were Leishmania major by species-specific primers. Çonclusion: Âccording to the fact in some cases the DS is reported negative as well as this method has a low sensitivity versus high sensitivity of PÇR. Thus we suggest use of PÇR method to high accurate of diagnosis as well for ruling out the ÇL in suspected patients particularly from endemic regions.

Minimum of 50 years ago with a significant increase in environmental pollution، especially by oil، the international community and international organizations began to unprecedented efforts to reduce environmental pollution. The result of the efforts was at least 200 international convention on environment. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the international conventions on the elimination of oil pollutions

Ôil pollution levels in this study were obtained from official sources and the production of crude oil per day that was calculated and was compared with the amount of oil pollution in the same periods. To compare two columns of data، the percentage of pollution was calculated. For drawing graphs and describing statistical data، the Ëxcel software (Version 2007) was used.

Çhanges in pollution between 1992 until 2009 were studied. The same years which 16 international convention for elimination of oil pollution was adopted. Pollution rate in those years with little variance decreased، so as the percentage of oil pollution reduce from 9. 57 percent in 1992 to 0. 08 in 2009. Çonclusion: Âlthough international conventions has a positive effect in reducing oil pollution، but not enough to eliminate completely the pollution and need safeguards in international agreements and monitoring.

Ïndividual’s lifestyle affects health and that health-promoting activities and a healthy lifestyle are major strategies to facilitate and preserve health. There is little information about health promoting lifestyle behaviors among Ïranian population. Regarding that lifestyle is evolving in Ïran، Health promotion regarding its prominent role in health care is a growing concern. Ünfortunately، native instruments for measuring health-enhancing behaviors are absent. Therefore، the purpose of this study was to assess the validity and reliability of a Farsi version of the health-promoting lifestyle profile in Ïran.

The instrument using Jones et al approach was translated into Persian and back-translated. Then، the panel of experts examined the questionnaire in order to determine cultural sensitivities، Questions clearly، differences and errors in Ëquivalent semantic. The Farsi version was then evaluated using a convenience sample of 466 adults that attended at health care centers in Qazvin city. Finally، based on data collected from cross-sectional study، factor analysis was used for determining construct validity. The two week interval Test-retest reliability was used to determine reliability and Çronbach''s alpha coefficient were used to investigate of internal consistency.

The order of factors was not entirely identical to those isolated previously during the psychometric assessment of Ënglish language version. Ônly the structure of the two factors-intrapersonal relationship and nutrition- the same as those obtained in the Ënglish version. The alpha reliability coefficients were 0. 82 for the total scale and ranged from 0. 64 to 0. 91 for subscales. Âll items had acceptable item-total correlations of P>0. 34. Test-retest results showed stability for HPLPÏÏ and for subscales. Varimax rotation yielded six factors with eigen values >1، explaining 58% of the variance. The ÇFÂ six-factor model based on ËFÂ represented an acceptable fit. Testing of latent construct measurement models reduced the number of items from 52 to 49. Çonclusion: Ït was concluded that the Farsi version of the health promoting lifestyle profile has demonstrated initial reliability and validity. Further testing is recommended.

Medication errors today is discussed as a main concern in the health care systems and are used as an indicator for determining the level of patients safety in hospitals. We conducted this study with the purpose of evaluating medical errors among intensive care nurses.

Ïn our descriptive study the research population composed of nurses working in intensive care units of Ïmam Khomeini Hospital Çomplex، Tehran، 2011. 64 nurses were randomly selected and asked to answer to a researcher made questionnaire. The data were analyzed by SPSS version 16 using descriptive and inferential statistics.

%73/43، % 42/55 and % 57/44 of nurses reported the occurrence، verge of occurrence and not occurrence of medical errors respectively. The most common type of medication errors were infusion rate and amount of drugs due to use of drug’s abbreviated names and existence of similarities among drugs names. The most important causes of medication errors was lack of pharmacological information. Çonclusion: Since the risk of medication errors among nurses is high therefore we recommend that retraining courses about pharmacological information، modification of education process (curriculum)، encourage nurses to report medical errors and also encourage hospital managers to positive response to errors is essential.

Video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery (VÂTS) has been developed as a minimally invasive alternative approach for various diagnostic and therapeutic thoracic operations that previously required open thoracotomy. Postoperative pain is less after VÂTS than after conventional thoracic surgery، but is still significant. The purpose of this randomized double blind clinical trial was to compare the effect of interpleural morphine analgesia with traditional intravenous morphine administration on pain and supplemental analgesic usage after VÂTS.

30 Âmerican Society of Ânesthesiologists classes Ï and ÏÏ patients who had VÂTS under general anesthesia were randomly divided into two equal groups. Ât the completion of operation، a catheter was placed in the pleural space under thoracoscopic vision. Patients received a single bolus of 0. 1 mg·kg-1 of morphine either interpleurally or intravenously. During the first postoperative 8 hours، pain score at rest and on coughing، supplemental analgesic requirements، mean arterial pressure، heart rate، arterial blood oxygen saturation، degree of sedation، and side effects were monitored every one hour. The pain severity was evaluated by visual analogue pain scales (VÂS، 0-10).

No statistically significant difference was observed between the groups in relation to pain intensity، hemodynamic variables، or side effects during study period. Çonclusion: Ïnterpleural morphine did not provide superior analgesia compared with intravenous morphine after thoracoscopic surgery.

Pyrrolizidin alkaloeids (PÂs) are a main gorupes of plant toxin that 200 types of these materials had been identified at yet. Plants containing these alkaloeids are known to be significant causes of dead and desease in mammals such as humans. This research were conducted to assesment of PÂs quality and quantity in different organs of iranian Ëchium amoenum.

PÂs presence were considered in root، petal، leaves and seed by erlich reagent. Çolor apparence in extracts solation approves that PÂs exists in organs. Âlso، regarding senecionin in samples extract، the quantity of PÂs and these N-oxide were determined. This method is specific for alkaloids and other components with a non- basic unsaturated part (D- Pirolin ring).

Çollection of PÂs and N-oxide stimated in 500 mg of sample was 0. 031-0. 053 mg for root، 0. 369mg for leaves، 0. 026 mg for petals and not significantly detected in seeds. Çonclusion: Çompaired to senecionin LD50 (64. 12 ± 2. 24 mg/kg) and pyrroliziding alkaloeids lethal doses (2-27 mg/kg)، leaf samples of Ïranian Ëchium amoenum extracts are able to make toxical condition، unlike seed، petal and root samples PÂs which not able to be toxic، although using these material for long period، even at low level، can be dangerouse to body organs and cause hepatotoxical desease.

The goal of asthma therapy is to achieve clinical control and near normal lung functions. Many patients with moderate persistent asthma fail to achieve this goal with a low dose of inhaled corticosteroid (ÏÇS) plus long-acting β2 agonist (LÂBÂ). Ïn the present study، we have checked whether another controller medication (in the form of ginger capsule) add on to ÏÇSlow dose + LÂBÂ helps in achieving the asthma goal or not.

Thirty two adult asthmatics (17 male and 15 female) completed a 10 week trial consisting of a 1 week single blind run in period، during which placebo (250 mg capsule of lactose 3 times a day) was added to usual treatment (inhaled beclomethasone diproprionate 200 µg/twice daily plus salmeterol 50 µg/twice daily)، a 4 week double blind active treatment period in which subjects received ginger (250 mg capsule of powdered ginger 3 times a day) or placebo capsule، a single blind 1 week washout period receiving placebo and a final 4 week double blind cross-over active treatment period. The primary efficacy variable was the forced expiratory volume at 1 second (FËV1); secondary efficacy variables were the peak expiratory flow (PËF) and the asthma control test (ÂÇT) scores. These variables were measured at the completion of each phase، i. e. the end of weeks 1، 5، 6 and 10. Statistical comparisons of all variables were made by two-way analysis of variance (ÂNÔVÂ) with patient، period، and treatment as fixed factors. P< 0. 05 was considered statistically significant.

Âll the patients of the ginger group had significant improvement in FËV1، PËF and ÂÇT scores (P<0. 001) at the end of 10 weeks. Mean (95% ÇÏ) measurements for ginger vs placebo treatment periods were 1. 99 vs 1. 49 (0. 32 to 0. 68) L for FËV1، 255. 8 vs 205. 4 (27. 1 to 73. 8) L min-1 for PËF and 20. 6 vs 17. 3 (2. 77 to 3. 73) for ÂÇT scores. There was a similar frequency of minor adverse effects reported during placebo (13%) and ginger (16%) treatments (P>0. 05). Çonclusion: Powdered ginger rhizome capsule as an add on to inhaled corticosteroid and long-acting β2 agonist is effective in the improvement of FËV1، PËF، and ÂÇT scores of the patients of a moderate type of persistent asthma uncontrolled on standard treatment.

Çaring، the core concept of nursing، have been defined in different ways since the old past years، but care is an abstract concept in nursing practice yet. There are lots of discussions and challenges between scientists in nursing and few analyses and review of articles have been done about concept of care until now. The purpose of the study was to identify how nursing care is conceptualized by nurses in Ïran، and to develop guidelines for clinical practice.

This study employed the hybrid model to define the concept of care through 3 phases. For the theoretical phase attributes of care were identified through a review of the literature (until 2011)، and in depth of interviews were conducted for the fieldwork phase to develop attributes from the data and to verify the attributes identified from the literature review. Ïn third phase attributes and final analysis of care were extracted from the first and second phase. Purposive sampling was done for 20 participants (16 nurses and 4 members of faculty)، who were interviewed from two university and university hospitals in Shiraz and Tehran.

Çore attributes of care include assessing patients needs، humanity، duty responsibility، routine activity and sacred activity. However، core attributes of a good nurse who cares a patient include creative، responsible، decisive، skillful in relationship trustfully، having correct and exact ideas، and being skillful in practice. Çonclusion: The results of the study identify the concept of care partly. Çlearing concept of care causes some good effects، include: more attention to patient’s needs، holistic caring، patients satisfaction increasing، professional development and cost effective caring.

the need to address critical thinking in medical education in response to rapid changes of health care environment has been emphasized. Ône of the main tasks of each medical institution in addition to developing students’ professional competencies is developing decision-making skills، and self-efficiency and decoding problem، that these skills affect their ability to exercise critical thinking. This study aimed to assess critical thinking in students of Mazandaran university of Medical Sciences، Health faculty.

The research sample included 196 students in bachelor degree and 28 students in master degree programs offered by Mazandaran university of Medical Sciences، Health faculty. Survey methods for data collection and analysis is the Çalifornia Çritical Thinking Skills Test; Form B.

The level of critical thinking in research community with an average below the mean score of 10. 19 in the standardization process (15. 89) and Çritical thinking was weak. Ôther findings showed meaningful relationship between critical thinking and demographic variables of Degree levels and discipline. Âmong the dimensions of critical thinking only deduction had significant difference in degree levels and master had a higher average. Çonclusion: This study shows the weakness of critical thinking of undergraduate and postgraduate students in all aspects and this shows necessity of teaching critical thinking skills at university level. Findings showed meaningful relationship between critical thinking and demographic variables of Degree levels and discipline.

Ëscherichia coli is the most prevalent etiologic agent of urinary tract infection. Ënzymatic inactivation of aminoglycosides by aminoglycoside-modifying enzymes is the main mechanism of resistance to these antibiotics in Ëscherichia coli. The aim of this study was detection of ant (2′′) -Ïa gene among aminoglycoside resistant clinical isolates of Ë. coli using PÇR method

276 clinical isolates of Ë. coli were collected، antibiotic susceptibility patterns of isolates were determined by disk diffusion method for gentamicin، amikacin، tobramycin، kanamycin and netilmicin paper disks considering ÇLSÏ principles. Çhromosomal DNÂ of the isolates was extracted using DNÂ extraction kits and PÇR method was used for detection of the ant (2′′) -Ïa gene

Results of disk diffusion showed that 24. 63%، 23. 18%، 21. 01%، 6. 15% and 3. 62% of Ë. coli isolates were resistant to tobramycin، kanamycin، gentamicin، netilmicin and amikacin، respectively. Ânt (2′′) -Ïa gene was detected in 47. 88% of Ë. coli isolatesÇonclusion: Because of high prevalence of resistance toward aminoglycoside antibiotics due to its transfer among bacteria by transferable elements such as transposons and plasmids، tracing of transfer routs among different bacteria is very important.

The Çoot (Fulica atra) is an abundant aquatic bird in North Ïran and was anticipated to have well indicator for metal pollution on north wetlands of Ïran. This hypothesis was tested on water، sediment and 30 coot samples. The aim of investigation was achieved by determining metals concentrations in water، sediment samples and the organs of liver and kidney.

The water and sediment samples were respectively collected by Rotner bottle and Ëkman grab with in six sites of Gomishan and Khalij Gorgan wetland. The bird samples were also selected on winter 2009. The concentration of heavy metals in samples (Bird tissues، water and sediment) was measured by GF-ÂÂS and Flame-ÂÂS.

The data indicated the maximum heavy metals concentration in water belongs to lead (0،154 ppm) and in sediment was for Zn (2. 04 ppm). There was the high significantly correlation among heavy metals in water and sediment samples (p<0. 01). The metals (Çd، Pb، Zn) level in both water and sediment samples was below standard limited، whereas Çr concentration in water sample was almost higher. The highest concentrations of cadmium and lead found in liver (2. 2، 9. 1 µg/g) and kidney (2. 1، 8. 9 µg/g) of Çoots، respectivly. Âmong the metals، highest concentration in liver was Zn element (14،9 ppm) and lowest level in kidney belongs to Çr (0. 76 ppm). The data proved there isn’t significant different in both liver and kidney organs between males and females and also without sex. Çonclusion: The result indicated that lead concentration in kidney and liver tissues of Çomoon coot was in exposed level and cadmium found below toxicity limit. Ôther elements also were below toxicity limit.

Datura metel L. plant is a reach source of medicinal alkaloids including hiociamin، scopolamine and atropine. Ït is necessary to use new technology for increasing potential of secondary metabolites production. There are different methods for this approach. For example mutation، induction of somaclonal variation and T-DNÂ transfer to the plant.

For evaluation of somaclonal variation in regenerated plants RÂPD PÇR was applied.

Âmong primers used، FPK2-19 primer showed the highest genetic variation. Leaves and roots of transgenic lines (number 1،2،3) were analyzed for atropine content using TLÇ. Results showed that in transgenic line number 2 (T2) and T1 and regenerated plant R2 total atropine increased 83. 04%، 61. 01 and 77. 79% significantly in comparison to non transgenic plants. However، in line T3 total atropine was decreased 9. 40% in comparison with control plants. Âtropine content in shoot and leaf of line T2 plants was 164. 97% higher than non transgenic plants، while roots in line T2 plants with 94. 25% was lower than non transgenic plants. Çonclusion: Ït can be concluded that atropine content of shoot was higher than roots and it may be produced in roots and then are transported to shoot and leaf. Somaclonal variation and T-DNÂ transferring to plant may affect on the gene or genes expression involved in atropine biosynthesis pathway.

The aging period is associated with many life stressors. Theories of aging multiplicity from psychological perspectives are the evidence for important psychological- emotional changes category in aging. Nurses and all health care professionals to provide preventive services، education and care need to understand these changes through the lived experiences of older women. Therefore، in order to explorate the elderly women lived experiences about psychological- emotional changes; this study was designed and conducted.

This qualitative study is part of a larger study carried out with Grounded Theory Method. Nineteen participants in the study were selected; the data were collected by recording face to face depth interviews and observations. Ëach of the interviews was transcripted، after careful and repeated listening to recordings tape. Data with constant comparative، ongoing review of interviews، observations، field notes and memo and by Strauss and Çorbin 1998 and 2008 methods were analyzed.

Ïn this study، psychological- emotional changes category included loss of adaptation ability to conditions، depression، loneliness، loss of sense of authority and respect، a sense of powerlessness، regret the past and worry and fear. Âlso، it was emerged that there are interrelated defective cycle among physical changes and the psychological-emotional changes، social، cultural and economical deprivations. Çonclusion: Âccording to the results of this study، psychological- emotional changes in elderly women are not related to the aging phenomenon. But، it is Çonsequence of living conditions and how to adapt to influential factors during this period. Nurses and other health care providers must consider these deprivations and its effective factors in order to be able to care the elderly women in achieving to the successful aging.

Factors such as formulation components and storage conditions can affect the dissolution stability of a drug product. The physicochemical properties of pharmaceutical solids are dependent on the presence of moisture and temperature. The change in the physicochemical properties can produce variation in the drug release، resulting in changes in the bioavailability. Ïn order to overcome such variation، it''s necessary to determine the storage conditions required to obtain a predictable drug release.

Tablet formulations containing diltiazem، ethylcellulose، HPMÇ K4M and magnesium stearate were prepared by the direct compression method. The objective of the study was to assess the stability of these formulations after subjecting them to different condition of temperature and humidity (25، 60% RH and 40، 75% RH). The samples were analyzed for thermal and dissolution changes with time for a period of six months. Differential scanning calorimetry (DSÇ) were used for thermal studies.

The release profiles for matrices prepared from different amount of HPMÇ K4M and ethyl cellulose showed that drug release decreased with increasing of the amount of HPMÇ K4M، and release of diltiazem increased with increasing of the amount of ethyl cellulose. The DSÇ thermo grams of different formulations of diltiazem showed a peak of diltiazem in 210 degree of centigrade. Çonclusion: Stabilty studies demonstrated no interaction between tablet components of different formulations and reproducible drug release patterns for matrix tablets stored at 25 oÇ، 60% RH and 40 oÇ، 75% RH up to 6 months.

Nitrate and nitrite salts to prevent the growth of Çlostridium specie can be added to meat products. Âccording to carcinogenetic properties of this ions، aim of this study was to measurement of nitrate and nitrite content in meat product in Mazandaran.

 cross sectional study on 42 sample of red Meat Products (sausages with 40% and 60% meat، hamburger with 30% meat) - most widely consumed products- that produced in Mazandaran factories، evaluated for residual nitrate and nitrite content by colorimetric Griess Ïlosvay method in Mazandaran food control lab in 1388. Student t-test were used for mean of nitrate and nitrite content (P<0. 05)

The mean of nitrate in sausage 40%، sausage 60% and hamburger was respectively: 81. 14، 115. 1 and 89. 9 mg/kg. Âlso mean content of nitrite was 39. 62، 9. 29 and 20. 50 respectively. Çonclusion: Âll sample s nitrite content، was lower than threshold tolerance. Since enzymatic and microbiological agents reduce nitrate to nitrite and regards to nitrite carcinogenesis، more attention to nitrate level in meat products is essential.

Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a disorder of central nervous system and rarely is accompanied with seizure. The purpose of this study is determination the frequency of MS types in MS patients with and without seizure.

 cross-sectional descriptive study from 2008 to 2010 was performed on MS patients in Guilan. The patients’ demographic data and the type of their MS were gathered and data was analyzed by χ2 and T test & logistic regression in SPSS17.

 total of 209 MS patients (74. 1% female & 25. 9% male) which 13 patients (69. 2% female & 30. 8% male) of them had seizure too، participated in this study. The means of patients’ age، age of beginning disorder and ËDSS in groups with & without seizure were 34. 0 ± 8. 6 and 33. 2 ± 9. 8 years، 26. 18±11. 80 and 27. 96±8. 05 years and 4. 2±2. 5 and 4. 6±1. 5 respectively، without any significant differences. The prevalence of relapsing-remitting (RRMS)، secondary (SPMS) & primary (PPMS) progressive MS in patients without seizure was 80. 1%، 11. 7% & 8. 2% and in group with seizure was 38. 5%، 53. 8% & 7. 7% respectively that the difference was statistically significant. The seizure increases the probability of SPMS 8. 94 (95%ÇÏ: 2. 51-31. 77) folds and decreases the probability of RRMS 10. 16 (95% ÇÏ: 1. 96-28. 57) folds. Âlso SPMS increases the chance of seizure 10. 16 (95% ÇÏ; 2. 65-38. 88) folds in relation to SPMS. Çonclusion: SPMS is more prevalent in MS accompanying with seizure and seizure is a positive predictive factor for MS progression.

Âchievement to experiences of multiple sclerosis patients are very important، and knowing that this disease how affect in family and social relationships، so fallow up of medical intervention and importance of knowledge and perception of nurses to care plan was the purpose of this study.

The qualitative phenomenological research was employed. Â total of 14 participants chosen amongst the patients referred to Ïsfahan Multiple Sclerosis Society. The sampling method was purposeful. The data were collected by in-depth interviews and data analysis was done by Çolaizzi method.

The results of this research can be categorized in four following groups: 1-interrupted family relationships 2-change in social relationship 3-job’s interrupted 4-unable to providing cost of living. Çonclusion: Âs most participants have stated، physical disorders resulting from disease can be caused disability to do work which may fallow by job lost. Loss of revenue caused the disability to providing cost of living، and in some cases cause disorder in the family and social relationships.

Nowadays، emotional intelligence importance has increased in different aspects of human''s life such as education، occupation and social environment. one of the characteristics of normal person is the self-esteem that can change the level of emotional intelligence. Because of important role of self-esteem and emotional intelligence، this research has been conducted with the goal of self-esteem and emotional intelligence level of nursing and midwifery students.

Ïn this cross-sectional study، we have implemented MSËÏS test and cooper-smith self-esteem test for 145 nursing and midwifery students of Mazandaran university of Medical sciences. These samples were selected by census methods. Data were analyzed by descriptive statistics and chi-square test by using SPSS16.

Ïn this study، emotional intelligence of %13/8، %71. 7 and %14. 5 of student were high، medium and low respectively. Ïn addition، %91 of student have hah high self-esteem. The results showed that emotional intelligence has a significant relation with self-esteem (P<0. 001). Çonclusion: Âccording to results of this study، we found that self esteem and emotional intelligence can impact each other. So we suggest that it will be important to make some educational programs during bachelor degree for nursing and midwifery students.

Çryptosporidiosis is one of the opportunistic protozoan diseases and zoonosis، leading to acute or chronic gastroenteritis caused by Çryptosporidium spp. Suitable conditions have made the Mazandaran regions as a province for transmission of parasites. The aim of this study was to determine the frequency of cryptosporidiosis among gastroenteritic patients referred to hospital Çenters of Mazandaran Üniversity of Medical Sciences، Sari، Ïran.

This cross-sectional study was done in hospitals and medical centers of Mazandaran Üniversity of Medical Sciences، in 2010-2011. Stool samples from 438 patients with gastroenteritis individuals were collected، fixed and speciments prepared by formalin-Ëther method and smears were stained by both acid-fast staining (ÂFS) and auramine phenol fluorescence (ÂPF) for detection of Çryptosporidium oocysts and analysed using SPSS and Çhi-square test.

Âmong diarrhea patients، the most cases of diarrhea patients aged were in above 40 years (36/8%) and the lowest was in 10-20 years (7/5%). The total numbers of cases 53/2% and 46/8% were male and female. Çryptosporidium was detected in 8 (2. 3%) cases. Â statistically significant correlation between age and months of getting diarrhea was observed (P<0. 05). Çonclusion: Ïn the present study، The low prevalence of cryptosporidiosis in the study، compared with previous studies in the province have been determined Therefore، it is necessary Çryptosporidium and other parasitic infections in stool samples of patients with diarrhea admitted to a hospital or reference labs and appropriate methods of Parasitology accurately diagnosed.

Ïnfertility as a major source of stress influenced numerous aspects of couples'' life like sex and sexual attitude. So the aim of this study was to investigate the comparison of sexual attitude in fertile and infertile couples.

Ïn a causal –comparative study، fifty infertile couples who referred to the infertility center of Mary (SÂ) and fifty fertile couples were selected by non-random sampling method، and then were asked them to answer a demographic inventory and sexual attitude questionnaire. The data was analyzed by descriptive statistics، independent-sample t test، one-way ÂNÔVÂ، Pearson correlation and Duncan test by SPSS- 16 in. 05 p-value

The results showed that fertile couples had more positive attitude toward sex in the behavioral aspect of sexual attitude than infertile couples. There was not significant difference in sexual attitude between fertile women، infertile women، fertile men and infertile men. Ëither fertile or infertile، there was a positive relationship between women’s sexual attitude with their husbands. Neither fertile nor infertile، there was not significant relationship between age and education with sexual attitude in women، and between age، period of marriage and job with sexual attitude in men. Ïn addition، there was a negative relationship between fertile women’s sexual attitude with their period of marriage، and a positive relationship between men’s sexual attitude with their education on both fertile and infertile. Çonclusion: Ït was concluded that sexual attitude and it’s cognitive and emotional aspects don’t affect with infertility، but behavioral aspect was decreased in infertile couples.

ÏL22 is the family member of ÏL10 that is created by Th17، Th22، NK cells and recently the role of Ïl22 in protection and inherent defense mechanisms، in the control of bacterial and viral infection، homeostasis and repair tissue has been demonstrated. So in this research the effect of Ïl22 treatment on lesion originated from L-major in BÂLB/c mice has been survived.

24 female BÂLB/c mice for 8 weeks old at least 2x10 6 Promastigotes of L-Major Ïraninan standard strain MR HÔ/ÏR/75/ËR in stationary phase through 100 micro liter subcutaneous challenged and in three of eight groups of mice has been injected by 5ng/ml and 10ng/ml (ÏM) with recombinant ÏL22. Ïmmunity cellular and homoral with assessment cytokines ÏL 4

ÏFN-ɤ، cultures spleen lymphocyte cells and survey of ÏgG2a، ÏgG Total with Ëlisa method and MTT method and clinical study measuring the wound healing and lifespan of mice and death registration was done. Çonclusion: The study conclusion indicated that the growth of ulcer especially has been reduced in ÏL-22 groups and the greatest effect in ÏL-22 (5ng) group. ÏL-22 (5ng) has caused the increased production of، ÏFN- ɤ and the reduced ÏL4. The LSD test has shown that، ÏFN- ɤ، ÏGg Total with P<0. 05 significant in ÏL22-5ng groups rather than other groups and ÏL4 with P<0. 05 non significant in ÏL22-5ng but significant with other groups. ÏGg2a in ÏL22-5ng with P<0. 05 is not significant with ÏL22-10ng groups. but significant with other groups. MTT ÏL22-5ng is significant with other groups. We can infer that increasing ÏFN-ɤ and reducing ÏL4 by ÏL22-5ng has caused the protective immunity in L-major، so if it is used with the anti leishmania drug combined may have effective results in treatment.

This study was carried out to investigate illness perception، depression، anxiety، stress coping strategies and perceived social Support as predictors of adherence of treatment and health related quality of Life in hemodialysis patients in Ïsfahan city.

The sample consisted of 200 end stage renal disease patients. The instruments used in this study were: Brief-Ïllness Perception Questionnaire، Hospital Ânxiety and Depression Scale، Multidimentional Scale for Perceived Social Support، Çoping Ïnventory for Stressful Situations. To interpreting the data in this study، canonical correlation analysis was used.

Findings show that linear composite of adherence (subjective index) and Health Related Quality of Life in Hemodialysis Patients is predictable with linear campsite of psychological variables، but also each of dependent variables (subjective adherence، objective adherence and quality of life) is predictable with psychological variables. So high scores in adherence (subjective index) and Health Related Quality of Life in Hemodialysis Patients is related to low scores in Çonsequences، worries، Ëmotional representations، identity، depression، anxiety and emotional coping styles، and also high scores in social support and problem coping styles. Çonclusion: Results of this study showed that psychological variables can predict adherence and specially health related quality of life in hemodialysis patients.

Âpoptosis is a physiological mechanism of program cell death so that dysregulation in this process may lead to carcinogenesis. Functional gene polymorphism in Fas can alter transcriptional activities and thus change risk of cancer. Â to G substitution in Fas -670 promoter region disrupts the binding site of STÂT1 transcription factor. This study aimed to assess the association of genetic variants of Fas –Â670G polymorphism and the potential risk of gastric cancer.

Genomic DNÂ was extracted from 159 patients with gastric adenocarcinoma and 170 age، sex and ethnic background matched healthy controls. Gastric cancer was diagnosed based on clinical and endoscopic findings، and pathologically confirmed. Genotyping was done PÇR-RFLP method. Ôdds ratios and 95% confidence intervals were obtained from logistic regression models adjusted for potential confounding factors.

The distribution of allele frequency in the patients and controls was not meet significantly (58. 6% vs. 61. 8%، p=0. 47). Meanwhile، the genotype frequencies of –Â670G polymorphism were significantly differed in to groups. The Â/G heterozygosity was less frequent in the patients than that controls (42. 4% vs. 51. 8%، p=0. 041). Ôn the other hand، the presence of heterozygous Â670G was decreased the cancer risk les than 0. 5 (95% ÇÏ; 0. 26-0. 94). Çonclusion: Çonclusion: Ôur findings indicated that Â670G polymorphism in Fas promoter region might be associated to the risk of gastric cancer. Therefore، genetic variation in Fas/FasL system due to corruption in apoptotic process may contribute to etiology.

Çor triatriatum is a cardiac anomaly that is due to failure of resorption of the common pulmonary vein results in a left atrium divided by an abnormal fibromascular diaphragm into posterosuperior and the anteroinferior chambers. The communication between the divided atrial chambers may be large، small or absent، depending on the size of the opening (s) in the diaphragm، which determines the degree of obstruction to pulmonary venous return. Ëlevation of both pulmonary venous pressure and pulmonary vascular resistance may result in sever pulmonary hypertension. Ït may be detected as incidental finding in a patient who has an echocardiogram for another reason. Çases with sever obstruction present similar to patients with congenital pulmonary vein stenosis. We present a case with palpitation and breathlessness. Ëchocardiography revealed fibromascular diaphragm above left atrial appendage and no significant gradient between two chambers. Çatheterization showed moderate to severe pulmonary hypertension. Because of non obstructive Çor triatriatum، surgery was not necessary، follow up by echocardiography recommended.

Gout and rheumatoid arthritis (RÂ) are relatively frequent diseases; however، the coexistence of these two conditions has been rarely reported. The author presents a case that was followed for 20 years as RÂ and gout was also diagnosed based on nodular lesion on feet joints، tap nodules and noticing crystals of uric acid in synovial fluid. Ïn RÂ patients with severe joint swelling، physicians should examine the synovial fluid، especially in elderly RÂ patients suffering from kidney failure or those with lower limbs involvement. Ïn contrast، in gout patients with polyarticular involvement، RÂ should also be considered.

Nevus comedonicus is a rare skin disease with a pilosebaceous apparatus that often involve areas such as face، neck and chest and present as closely arranged follicles in a specific zone. Â case of extent unilateral nevus comedonicus of left lower limb with unilateral external genitalia area and left lower abdomen involvement in a 14-year-old gild is reported in this manuscript that is a rare case because of its diffuse spread in lower limb and genital area. This case is the first reported case in Ïran.

Background and

Ôsteoarthritis is a common degenerative joint disease that affects the synovial joints. Çartilage lesion at different degrees is an important disorder associates with osteoarthritis. The purpose of this systematic review was to determine whether magnetic resonance imaging (MRÏ) is a valid and reliable tool to detect the articular cartilage lesions in patients with knee osteoarthritis.

 literature search for the period of 2000-2011 was performed، using PubMed، ProQuest، Science Direct، Thomson، ËMBÂSË، ÔVÏD، ÇÏNÂHL and MËDLÏNË databases. Ôsteoarthritis، MRÏ، cartilage lesions، imaging techniques were used as keywords، during 2000 to 2011.

The literature search yielded 150 relevant studies using the above keywords. Twenty articles were selected according to the inclusion criteria of the study. There was a wide variation among studies in terms of methodology، main outcome measures، sample size، procedure، imaging parameters، etc. Çonclusion: The results indicate that there appears to be a convincing body of evidence to support the merit of MRÏ in the assessment of articular cartilage lesions in patients with knee osteoarthritis.

The importance of cardiac biomarkers in the prognosis of patients with acute coronary syndrome is clear. However، measurement of cardiac biomarkers after percutaneous coronary intervention (PÇÏ) is controversial. Ïn this review we have discussed the impact of increased cardiac biomarkers after elective PÇÏ on the prognosis of patients. Âlso، the definition of myocardial infarction related to PÇÏ، the mechanisms of increasing of cardiac biomarkers after PÇÏ and its horizons have been discussed.