مجله دانشکده دندانپزشکی مشهد
سال سی و نهم شماره 3 (پیاپی 94، پاییز 1394)

Extensive oral and dental problem in narcotic drug abusers can lead to isolation and unsuccessful addiction treatment. The aim of this study was to assess dental needs in narcotic drug abuse population in the addiction treatment centers or Drug damages reduction centers. This ecological، descriptive and cross-sectional study has been done in 4 addiction treatment centers located in different parts of ….. andselected by random cluster sampling method. A total of 200 samples were examined in this study. Statistical analyses were performed using the SPSS 11. 5 software package and Pearson test. The subjects were 197 men and 3 women. The longest elapsed time from the onset of addiction until referring to addiction treatment center، were between 21 and 25 years and the most common were between 6 to 10 years. Xerostomia was diagnosed in 75% of patients and 98. 5% of patients required restorative treatment. The most common range of DMFT was 16-20 (relative frequency: 34. 5%). There was a statistically significant correlation between DMFT and the duration of addiction (P<0. 001). Oral and dental health indicators of addicted persons were significantly low and wide، therefore there is a need to plan dental treatment for individuals participating in drug abuse treatment.

Removable orthodontic appliances may act as reservoir of cariogenic microorganisms and lead to toothbrush recontamination and increase caries risk. This study purposed to asses the effect of orthodontic removable appliance wearing on streptococcus mutans contamination of toothbrush. This study was conducted on 30 children (12 males, 18 females), aged 7-11 years, who were planned to be treated with orthodontic removable appliances. Subjects brushed their teeth and tongue for two minutes twice daily for 14-days before 14 days and after receiving orthodontic appliance with toothbrushes. At the end of each phase, the toothbrushes were collected and cultured for streptococcus mutans and colony forming units per milliliter were determined. Data were analyzed statistically by SPSS 20 using McNemar and Wilcoxon test, with (P <0/05). Of 30 participants, 26 (86.7%) completed the study. There was no significant difference in frequency of contaminated toothbrushes between before (20 cases, 76.9%) and after (19 cases, 73.1%) the appliance wearing (P=1.00). No significant difference between the pre- and post-wearing of the orthodontic appliance was determined with respect to tooth-brush contamination level with streptococcus mutans (P=0.558). The findings of this study revealed that wearing a removable orthodontic appliance was not associated with intensifying of toothbrush contamination with streptococcus mutans.

The quality of the soft tissues is one of key factors for the success of the implantation. Esthetic can be strongly influenced by the tissue surrounding the implant. This cross - sectional study was performed on 40 patients who need single anterior dental implant in the maxilla and mandible with contra-lateral tooth 20 patients the implantation was done with submerged method and in other 20 patient the non submerged method was used. Then biologic widthinterdental papilla index mucosal thickness surrounding implants and teeth were indicated. In this study the average of biologic width in non submerged implants group was 1.6±0.5 mm and the average of biologic width in contra-lateral natural teeth in the patients of this group was 1.8±0.4 mm. But in other group the average of biologic width in submerged implant was 1.7±0.4 mm and the average of the biologic width in contra-lateral natural teeth in the patients of this group was 1.9±0.53 mm. The average of mucosa thickness in non submerged implants group was 2.2±0.4 mm and this average in teeth in this group was 2.3±0.3 mm. But in other group the average of mucosa thickness of implant was 2.0±0.4 mm and this average in teeth in this group was 2.2±0.4 mm. In comparison of mucosa thickness and papilla index in submerged implants group with teeth of this group a significant statistical different have been seen and also Papilla index in non submerged implants in comparison to natural teeth had slightly significant statistical difference. Other comparison analysis in other indexes did not have significant statistical difference in this study.

Tooth extraction causes an open wound in the soft and hard tissue.During the inflammatory phase of healing process, a large amount of free radicals produce and cause oxidative stress leading to tissue damage and delayed wound healing. Antioxdinant enzymes help to promote wound healing by neutralizing free redicals.According to this fact, in this study the t-butyl hydroquinone (TBHQ) effect, as an antioxidant, on the healing process of tooth socket was evaluated in rats. To conduct this experimental study, 42 male Wistar rats were divided into two groups and in each case one upper second molar was extracted under general anesthesia. Then sockets were treated with 0.02% TBHQ solution in the case group (0.1ml) while no specific substance was placed in the socket of the control group. In the days of 3, 7 and 21 after the surgery, seven rats from each group were sacrificed and histological slides were prepared from their tooth socket. The prepared slides were examined by light microscope histopathologically and were compared using independent two sample t-test. The significance level was set at 0.05. Increased granulation tissue in the third day, in experimental group in comparison to the control group was statistically significant (P=0.003). The extent of bony trabeculation in experimental group was also significantly higher than the control group on the 21st day (P<0.001). Regarding the limitations of an experimental study, TBHQ may enhance the healing of hard tissue in the tooth socket of rat.

The advent of newer technology has enabled information providers to introduce newer teaching methods in education. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of podcasting in Pedodontics education and satisfaction of students with this method. This study was conducted on Pedodontics for 38 dental students of Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences. After the first session of Pedodontics, the students were divided randomly into two groups. At the second session, Group 1 (18 students as controls) reviewed the lessons of the first session and then an exam was given. Group 2 (20 students as interventions) listened to the topics of the first session through podcast and an exam was also given. At the third session, the same manner was repeated. After examination of the third session, satisfaction of students with this method (podcasting) was evaluated by a questionnaire. Podcasting effectiveness was assessed by comparing the mean scores of Pedodontics exams across the two groups. Data were analyzed using independent two-sample t-test. Significance level was set at 0.05. The mean scores of the first and second exams and the average of the two exams were 3.80±0.67, 3.97±0.91 and 3.81±0.75 in intervention group and 3.22±1.61, 3.68±1.24 and 3.25±1.54 in control group, respectively. no statistically significant difference was found in mean scores among two groups (P=0.170, P=0.457 and P=0.177, respectively). The mean attitude score of students about this educational method was 3.42 out of 5. According to the results of this study, it seems that podcasting does not increase students’ learning ability, but students have a positive attitude towards this method.

One of the problems in fixed prosthetics is the hydrophobicity and large contact angle of the condensation silicon impression materials. The goal of this study was to examine the effect of surfactant on three condensation silicones. This study was an in-vitro examination that investigates the effect of surfactant called “Os surfactant” on three condensation silicone impression materials which were Optosil-Xantopren, Speedex and Rapid. One Hundred and twenty impressions were prepared by each material and every sample consisted of 4mm putty and 1mm wash. 10 samples were considered as control group with no surfactant added. The rest were divided into 11 groups on which 11 surfactants with different hydrophilic lipophilic balance (HLBs) (5-5. 5-6-6. 5-7-7. 5-8-8. 5-9-9. 5-10) were applied. A drop of water was put on the surface and a photo was taken immediately so that the contact angles on both sides of drop could be measured by Photoshop. The data was examined by One-Way ANOVA and Tukey test (α=0.05). The one way analyze of variance (ANOVA) and Tukey test showed that in Optosil/Xantopren group the lowest contact angle belonged to HLB=9 (P<0.001). in rapid samples, a significant difference was shown among different HLBs and control group and the lowest contact angle was gained by HLB=8.5 (P=0.011). Speedex showed a significant difference between different HLBs and control group and the lowest contact angle was obtained by HLB=8 (P<0.001). Accordingly the lowest contact angle mean belonged to Speedex (68.3) which revealed a significant difference from Optosil Xantopren and Rapid (P<0.001) but there was no difference between Optosil-Xantopren and Rapid (P>0.05). Within limitation of present In-vitro study, the lowest contact angle was observed at HLB 9 for Optosil (P<0.001), HLB 8. 5 for Rapid (P=0.011) and at HLB 8 for Speedex (P<0.001).

The aim of this systematic review was to evaluate the effect of immediate loading on clinical success after immediate implantation In this study, Pubmed, ISI (Web of Science) and Scopus databases were searched according to selected keywords all the articles indexed by October 22, 2013 which were in english were evaluated. Full text of the articles meeting the primary criteria to be included in this research, were obtained and appraised using the Oxford score sheet. Data of studies were extracted if they were scored as high or moderate level of evidence. Due to variation of methods of studies, they were divided into three categories and then metaanalysis was performed. 1270 articles were collected after searching the databases and finally 132 full texts were studied for data gathering. After methodological assessment and determination of level of evidence, 21studies were selected for metaanalysis. The results of the this study revealed that regarding the success rate, although there was no significant difference between immediate and delayed implantation, immediate implantation showed lower incidence of bone loss in single implants Immediate implantation and immediate loading, providing the existence of its prerequisites, are effective treatment methods in reducing the time of treatment and preserving crestal bone around the implants.

The aim of this study was to investigate the iatrogenic errors in root canal therapy performed by 5th – and 6th – grade dental students in Mashhad dental school. A random sample of 400 records of root canal therapies performed by 5th – and 6th – year dental students in year 2011 and 2013 was investigated. For each tooth, four periapical radiographs including preoperative, working length, master cone, and obturation were examined bytwo staffs of endodontic department using 2× lens magnification. Than the length and density of root fillings, as well as presence of procedural errors including extension of access cavity, ledge, apical perforation, apical zipping, fractured instrument, strip perforation, and missed canal were recorded. Finally the data were gathered and analyzed by SPSS software and Chi- Square test, Mann-Whitney, Kruskal-Wallis, and Fisher’s exact test (α=0.05). 70.7% of teeth had acceptable filling length and 65.8% had perfect density. Significant correlation was found between density and tooth location in the jaw (P=0.001). Molar teeth had much more void (43.5%) compared to anterior and premolar teeth. The most common procedural errors was ledge (24.8%), followed by apical perforation (19%), apical zipping (18%), overextension of access cavity (12.8%), fractured instruments (2.3%), missed canal (0.8%), and strip perforation (0.5%). Apical perforation (P=0.041) and zipping (P=0.019) were significantly higher in 5th year students and the other procedural errors had no significant association with level of education. Iatrogenic errors were more often in molar teeth and ledge was the most common one. Also there was a significant difference between 5th – and 6th – year students in the incidence of some of the iatrogenic errors.

Candida albicans (C. albicans) composes 25-75% of oral microflora in healthy individuals. Oral candidiasis is an opportunistic infection, which is caused by the presence of predisposing factors in host. In recent years, increase in the resistance of C. albicans to standard antifungal drugs resulted in special attention to herbal plants as alternative natural compounds. The anti-fungal and anti-bacterial properties of Cuminum cyminum (C. cyminum) and mouth aromatic property of Melissa officinalis (M. officinalis) have already been illustrated in Iranian traditional medicine. Also, the anti-fungal and anti-caries properties of Camellia sinensis (C. sinensis) were demonstrated in recent investigations. The aim of this study was to determine the anti-fungal effects of compound mouthwashes (C. cyminum, M. officinalis and C. sinensis) on standard strain of C. albicans. The essential oil from C. cyminum and the aquatic extracts of C. sinensis and M. officinalis were prepared using hydrodistillation and boiling methods, respectively. Subsequently, five different groups of compound mouthwashes containing various concentrations of C. cyminum essence and C. sinensis and M. officinalis extracts were categorized and used for antifungal susceptibility test. Anti-C. albicans effect of different kinds of compound mouthwashes was assayed by punched-whole method. Nystatin was used as the positive control drug. The data was analyzed by ANOVA and Tukey test (α=0.05). The mean values of growth inhibition diameter were 6.33 millimeter (mm) for aquatic extract of C. sinensis and 40.33 mm for essential oil of C. cyminum. No growth inhibition was observed by aquatic extract of M. officinalis after 48 h. The results of compound mouthwashes 1 to 5 showed that the mouthwash 5 was the most effective compound on C. albicans (P<0.001, F=184.911). C. cyminum essential oil and compound mouthwash 5 containing 40% C. cyminum essence, 33.34% C. sinensis extract and 26.66% M. officinalis extract had the highest efficacy in growth inhibiting of C. albicans and could be used as herbal mouthwash after once confirmed by clinical trials in the future.

Impaction of premolar teeth is a common dental problem. Timelyandappropriatetreatmentof theseteethis important in preventingthe risk ofpossible problems, such as effectsonadjacent structuresand thepossibility ofpathological manifestation. Treatment of these teeth includes conservative orthodontic and/or surgical interventions. Few reports about management of impacted or unerupted second premolar are available. Case report: The patient was a 12-year-old girl with four unerupted second premolars. In radiographic examination, the right maxillary second premolar was in horizontal buccolingual direction and the mandibular second premolars were distoangular. All second primary molars were extracted and space-maintainers were placed in both jaws. After eight months, the maxillary second premolar teeth and mandibular right second premolar erupted spontaneously. In subsequent visits, due to worsening of eruptive position of the left second premolar, bone mass covering the crown and refusing surgical exposure and orthodontic repositioning treatment, by the patient and her parents, this tooth was removed surgically. Conservative approach should be considered as a non-invasive treatment option before surgical ororthodontic treatment plan in management of impacted second premolar teeth. However, factors such as the developmental disturbance of other permanent teeth, oral hygiene and patient compliance should be considered in planning an appropriate treatment approach for each patient.