مجله دانشگاه علوم پزشکی شهید صدوقی یزد
سال بیست و سوم شماره 11 (پیاپی 112، بهمن 1394)

Eagle syndrome, which can be a source of craniofacial pain, is caused by elongation of styloid process more than 25 mm. The present study aimed to assess the structural characteristics and prevalence of elongated styloid process (ESP), Eagle syndrome and the related symptoms in the adults aged above 20 years in Shiraz.
In this cross- sectional study, 500 panoramic radiographs were evaluated in regard with styloid process length and morphology. In the presence of any symptoms in patients with ESP, they were clinically evaluated. Those symptoms reproduced by tonsillar fossa palpation were regarded relevant to ESP.
The prevalence of ESP was 35.2%, which was proved not to be sex-dependent. Individuals aged 40-60 years and those with more than 60 years had respectively 1.76 (1.16-2.66, CR: 95%) and 2.01 (1.10-3.66, CR: 95%) times greater chance for ESP compared to those aged below 40. The most and the least prevalent structural morphologies were continuous calcification and multiple pseudo articulation respectively. Eagle syndrome was observed in 1.8% of the study population. Moreover, headache, dizziness, and foreign body sensation were respectively reported as the most evaluated symptoms.
ESP was demonstrated to occur commonly in the study population which can get more prevalent by increasing age. With respect to avoiding unnecessary treatments, clinical examination of patients seem to be essential in order to differentiate Eagle syndrome from other sources with the same complications.

Oral malodor can be used as a motivational tool to improve oral health-related behaviors. The present study aimed to compare oral health training on the dental plaque index.
In the current study, 161 ( 76 females, 85 male) grade-one high school students from public schools of Yazd were divided into three groups : 1 – Oral health training oral malodor training ( halitosis group), 2– oral health training training of dental caries and periodontal diseases ( traditional groups), 3- oral health training (control group ). Two weeks and two months after the intervention, plaque index was measured. Positive and negative changes were recorded over time, and then, the study data were analyzed using Chi-square (bonferroni adjustment), McNemar, Kruskal-Wallis and Paired t-Test.
The study results revealed no significant differences between the halitosis group and the traditional group, though both had a significant difference with the control group. Positive changes in halitosis group especially within girls were held to be more durable compared to the other groups.
Oral health training accompanging training of oral malodor, tooth decay and periodontal disease seems to be more effective on health promotion of senior high school students in Yazd. Furthermore, oral malodor training produces more durable effects. As a result, this training style is recommended in regard with eductional programs of schools.

Investigating efficacy of natural products, especially plant materials in dental caries is of great significance. The present study aimed to evaluate in vitro and in silico anti bacterial effects of methanolic extracts of Prangos ferulacea on single and biofilm structure of streptococcus mutans.
In this experimental study, after collecting the plants and determining their variety, they were air- dried and powdered. Then, the plants were extracted with methanol by the maceration method. In order to determine antibacterial activity as well as antibiofilm activity of the extracts, disk diffusion and micro titer assay were applied respectively. Regarding in silco analysis, the molecular docking was also preformed by iGemdock 2.1 software between Glucosyltransferases and 20 phytochemicals of the mentioned plants. SPSS software was utilized to statistically analyze the study data applying variance and Duncan’s multiple range test.
The results of the present study showed that studied extracts specially their roots extract up to250-3000 μg/ml have significant antibacterial effects against the single form of becteria, which lead to inhibition of biofilm structures formation of the tested strain, though it can not damage biofilm structures of the bacteria. In addition, MIC and MBC minimum values were determined in 250-1000 μg/ml and 500-3000 μg/ml spectera respectively. Then, silico analysis confirmed that studied phytochemical compounds, especially α-pinen, Pesoralen and Limonene revealed an appropriate interaction to Glucosyltransferases, which could be regarded as an inhibitor for this enzyme.
According to the results of the current study, P.ferulacea has significant antibacterial effects against single structure of S.mutans. However, it does not produce any significant effects on the biofilms structured from this bacteria.

Despite advances in the diagnosis and treatment of epilepsy within the past several decades, people suffering from this disorder continue to be stigmatized. Stigma is a psychological social process that begins with labeling and leads to social avoidance as well as social isolation. In many people suffering from epilepsy, stigma is held to adversely impact their psychological well-being and quality of life. Therefore, the present study aimed to examine the stigma as well as its relationship with the psychological factors within epilepsy patients.
In this descriptive cross-sectional study, the target population included all patints with epilepsy reffering to medical centers of Khoramabad during spring 2015. A total number of 100 men and women with epilepsy were selected via convenience sampling. In order to glean the study data, Quality of Life in Epilepsy Scale-31 (QOLIE-31), Eysenck Self-esteem Inventory (ESI), Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS), and Stigma Scale for Epilepsy (SSE) were administered to each subject. The obtained data were analyzed by SPSS.18, AMOS-18 softwares applying Pearson correlation and structural equation modeling method.
The study results indicated that the structural model properly fit the clinical sample (ch2= 6.45;
p= 0.168). Stigma was correlated with self-esteem, depression, anxiety and quality of life (P 0.9).
The findings of the present study suggest that psychosocial treatments should be taken into consideration as multidisciplinary programs of this disorder.

Biosynthesis of thyroid hormone and consequently the requirement for iodine have been established to increase during gestation mainly due to increased iodine demand by the fetus. Therefore, diminished iodine intake by the mother during early pregnancy eventually leads to the development of iodine deficiency disorders(IDDS) in the offspring. The present study aimed to explore the pattern of urinary iodine excretion during gestation in urban districts of Urmia County.
In this cross-sectional study, 40 women at 1st trimester were enrolled. Exclusion criteria consisted of history of miscarriage and thyroid malfunction. Random urine samples were collected at 1st -, 2nd – and 3rd trimesters. In fact, UIC was determined via the sandell-kolthoff-method.
Median UIC at 1st- , 2nd- and 3rd trimester were reported 116.5 µg/L, 98.8 µg/L and 100 µg/L, respectively. Repeated measurement revealed no Significant differences in median UIC during gestation (P=0.2). Prevalence of iodine deficiency (UIC The findings of the present study revealed that median UIC (105.1 µg/L) among pregnant residents of Urmia County was lower than the values recommended by WHO for school-age children and non-pregnant women. Accordingly, prevalence of iodine deficiency (UIC

Angiogenesis is regarded as a complex activity required for physiological process as well as many pathological conditions as solid tumor progression and metastasis. Stachys Lavandulifolia of Laminacea family prossesses antioxidant and anti-apoptosis effects. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the effect of Stachys Lavandulifolia alcoholic extract on angiogenesis in chorioallantoic membrane of Ross chicken embryo.
In this experimental study, 30 Ross fertilized eggs were divided into 5 random groups consisting of: control, sham-exposed, treatment with 25, 50, 100 mg/kg doses of alcoholic extract. On the 2nd day of incubation, windows were opened for eggs under the sterile conditions. On the 8th day, a gelatine sponge with 1×4×4 diameter (Albumen and Agar solution in normal saline) was placed on chorioalantoic membrane (CAM) to which extract was added. On the 12th day, length and weight as well as chorioallantoic membrane (CAM) of embryos were photographed. Then, the number and length of vessels in a special area on the CAM were measured by Image J. The study results were analyzed by Minitab (16) via applying t-test and ANOVA.
Length and weight mean of embryos as well as number and length of vessels in control and sham-exposed groups did not show any significant differences. Length and weight mean of embryos and vessels length in all treatment groups demonstrated a significant difference compared to the sham group, Moreover, mean of vessel number did not reveal any significant differences in dose of 50.
As the study findings indicated, the effect of this extract is dose dependet, so as it demonstrates pro angiogenesis in low doses and anti-angiogenesis effect in high doses.

Reduced quality of life in cardiac patients and their frequent hospitalizations in the coronary care units is regarded as a main challenge for such patients. Therefore, this study aimed to explore the effectiveness of healthy lifestyle promotion intervention on quality of life in patients with congestive heart failure via cognitive-behavioral procedure.
In this randomized controlled trial, assessment in pretest, posttest, and follow-up along with the control group were applied. Twenty-six patients with congestive heart failure were selected via convenience sampling among patients attended to Shahid Rajaee Heart hospital in Tehran. Then, they were randomly assigned to the experimental group (n=11; under administration of healthy lifestyle promotion intervention via cognitive-behavioral procedure during eight group sessions once a week) and control group (n=15). Quality of life was measured for all the participants in three phases of pre-test, post-test and follow-up by Questionnaire of Quality of Life in Patients with Heart Failure (IHF-QoL) and Depression Anxiety Stress Scales (DASS).
According to the results of variance analysis with repeated measures, this intervention was proved to have short-time effects on quality of life and its psychological components (P In regard with the effectiveness of healthy lifestyle promotion intervention via cognitive-behavioral procedure in improving quality of life and its psychological aspects, as well as high costs of hospital and prolonged treatment for these patients, applying this intervention in a permanent manner seem to be beneficial.

Mental foramen is located on the anterior aspect of the mandible that permits the terminal branch of the inferior alveolar nerve and blood vessels to exit. The anatomical variations of mental foramen are of considerable importance in local anesthesia, treatment of the fractures in the parasymphysis area, orthognatic surgeries, implant placement, etc. Regarding the importance of mental foramen in dentistry (from local anesthesia to invasive surgical procedures), this study intends to review the anatomical variations of mental foramen in this study. Absence of mental foramen is rare. On the other hand, prevalence of accessory mental foramen has been estimated lower than 15% in the most studies. The position of mental foramen is normally between first and second premolar teeth or under second premolar tooth in different ethnic groups and bilateral symmetry exists in regard with location in most cases. In most studies, the ratio of distance from mental foramen to symphysis to distance from symphysis to posterior border of ramus has been reported about 1/3.5 to 1/3. Mental foramen is oval or circular in shape and its most common direction is usually posterosuperior. Its size in different studies has been estimated about 2 to 5 millimeters and asymmetry in size is possible on both sides of mandible. Due to variations of mental foramen between various ethnic groups and even different individuals in the same ethnic group, using advanced imaging techniques such as CBCT is recommended in order to gain detailed knowledge of anatomy and morphology of mental foramen before applying invasive surgeries.

Monocytes can interact with platelets due to their surface molecules such as P-selectin glycoprotein ligand-1 (PSGL-1), and form monocyte-platelet complex. In the present study, the effects of platelets interaction of platelet concentrates (PCs) and peripheral blood monocytes were investigated in vitro as a model to predict the probable interactions of these cells and consequently activation of monocytes.
In this experimental study, units of whole blood and PCs were prepared from Tehran Blood Transfusion Center. After isolation of monocytes from the whole blood, these cells were treated with PC- derived platelets. The activation of monocytes was assessed before and after treatment by the analysis of the respiratory burst of monocytes using dihydrorhodamine 123 (DHR-123). The study data were analyzed using the non-parametric test of Wilcoxon.
The purity of monocytes was determined as 86.1±2 using NycoPrep method. The respiratory burst of monocytes was increased after exposure with platelets. In fact, the difference was significant when platelets were used on the 5th day of storage (P=0.001).
The study findings revealed that platelets have an efficient capacity to stimulate and activate monocytes. The possible involvement of molecules in the interaction of platelet-monocyte demand to be further studied in future.

Epilepsy is regarded as one of the prevalent neurological disorders in children. The role of anti-oxidants in protection of epilepsy has been discussed in several studies. Vitamin E can be mentioned as a natural antioxidant to neutralize free radicals. Therefore, the present study aimed to evaluate the effects of vitamin E on oxidative stress markers such as malone dialdehyde(MDA) and protein carbonyl(PC) in children suffering from idiopathic epilepsy and vitamin D deficiency.
In the current study, children suffering from idiopathic epilepsy and vitamin D deficiency were randomly divided into two groups. One group was treated with 50000 units of vitamin D oral capsules (per week) for 8 weeks and the other group was treated with 100 units of vitamin E (per day) for one month as well as 50000 unit of vitamin D for 8 weeks. The amount of MDA and PC were measured by the spectrophotometer method. The obtained data were analyzed via the SPSS software (ver, 19) using t-test.
The results indicated that the amount of MAD and PC revealed a significant decrease after the treatment. In fact, in the group treated with vitamin E, the amount of PC decreased significantly compared with the other group, though MDA reduction was not proved to be significant.
The findings of the present study revealed that treatment with vitamin E could reduce the PC amount in regard with epileptic patients.