مجله دانشگاه علوم پزشکی شهید صدوقی یزد
سال بیست و یکم شماره 6 (پیاپی 95، بهمن و اسفند 1392)

Marjoram (Origanom majorana L)، a plant which belongs to lamiaceae family، is used in medicine and food industry for its high antioxidant compounds. Since antioxidant activity of plants is affected by extraction method، this study aimed to optimize the extraction method of these compounds from different tissues of majoram (leaf and flower) in vegetative and flowering stages. Methanolic extract was prepared from leaf dried powder before and after flowering. In fact، mixture of the flower and leaf was prepared by three methods including soaking، microwave and ultrasonic extraction. Then، antioxidant activities of the extracts were measured by two DPPH scavenging capacity of free radicals and linoleic acid peroxidation in β- carotene system. The microvawe extraction significantly extracted highest antioxidant compounds from different tissues of the majoram (p<0. 01)، whereas soaking and ultrasonic methods had lesser amount of these compounds. DPPH test obviously revealed the significant difference among antioxidant activity of the various extracts. Among the studied samples، leaf sample (before flowering stage) that was extracted by microvawe method had the highest antioxidant activity. The IC50 value of this sample was 0. 02 mg DW ml-1 in DPPH method and also inhibition percent of linoleic acid peroxidation was 110% compared to BHT. In contrast، extraction by ultrasonic method showed the lowest antioxidant activity (IC50 0. 28 mg DW ml-1 and 102% inhibition of lipid peroxidation). The study results indicated that microvawe extraction method can be introduced as the best technique for fast extraction of the antioxidant compounds from Origanum majorana L.

Plyometric training via neuromuscular adaptations to the stretch reflex، elasticity of muscle and Golgi tendon organs has an important role in pre-activation of muscles. Due to lack of research in regard to effect of plyometric training on lumbo pelvic muscle، this study aimed to investigate the effect of plyometric training on lumbo pelvic muscle pre-activation in active females with trunk control deficit. Twenty-five active females who suffered from trunk control deficit with the mean age of 19. 09±1. 38 yr، weight of 58. 67±3. 37 kg and height of 162. 73±3. 88 cm participated in this study. They were divided into two groups of experimental and control. Before and after 6 weeks of plyometric training، electromyography of Gluteus Medius، Quadratus Lumborum، Transverse Abdominis/Internal oblique، and external Oblique was performed in single leg drop landing and pre-activitation of muscles was calculated. the results of independent sample T-test indicated that there are significant differences between post-test of control and experimental groups in regard to Gluteus Medius (p=0. 021)، Quadratus Lumborum (p=0. 011)، Transverse Abdominis/Internal oblique (p=0. 006)، External Oblique (p=0. 023) muscles activations which reveals effectiveness of plyometric training on pre-activation of muscles. Based on the study results، plyometric training affects the activation of muscles and thus improving the pre-activation can prevent mechanisms related to anterior cruciate ligament injury. Therefore، plyometric training can reduce incidence of anterior cruciate ligament injury.

Superior oblique palsy (SOP) is the most common cause of paralytic strabismus. Therefore، this study aimed to compare the frequency، etiology and outcome of surgical approaches in SOP with other vertical strabismus. This is a cross sectional study that was performed on 303 medical files of patients who referred to Yazd eye clinic from 1999-2012 with at least 6 months post operative follow up. The study instrument involved a questionnaire containing 11 questions that was used for data gathering. In this study، within 303 patients، 50 cases (16/5%) suffered from SOP (group A) and 253 cases from other vertical strabismus (group B). The most frequent causes of either group were congenital and trauma. The mean age of patients with congenital cause was 16/82 in group A and 12/81 years in group B while the mean age with traumatic cause was 24/63 in group A and 23/26 years in group B. Sixty percent (60%) of operated patients in group A underwent one set of surgery while in group B mostly had two sets of the surgery. The most common surgical approach in either group was IO Recession. The rate of strabismus correction was 71/5% in group A and 77/8% in group B. SCH، diplopia، conjunctivitis were the most frequent complications in either group. By one set surgical approach of IO Recession، strabismus correction is observed in the most patients with SOP or other vertical strabismus and the surgery was not followed by severe complications.

Lower back pain after childbirth interferes with most daily activities. Therefore، this study aimed to investigate the effect of applying dry cupping، and acupressure on the severity of lower back pain in nulliparous women admitted to the Selection Centre of Shiraz Medical University (Hafez). The study was a randomized clinical trial conducted in 2012. The study sample involved 150 cases who were randomly assigned into 3 groups of cupping therapy، acupressure and control groups. Cupping therapy was performed four times a week for 20-15 minutes each time. Acupressure was applied within 20 minutes، according to the model of rotation (clockwise and anti-clockwise) similar to the cupping group. In the third group which was a control one، no intervention was executed. In both experimental groups، VAS measure was completed in terms of self-report before، immediately، 24 hours and 2 weeks after the intervention. The study data were submitted to SPSS software (version16) and analyzed utilizing ANOVA repeated measure. Mean of lower back pain in the cupping therapy changed from the value of 7. 8±2. 7 in the pre-intervention to 3. 7±1. 8 immediately، 2. 58±1. 7 within 24 hours and 1. 4±1. 4 for 2 weeks after the intervention. Moreover، acupressure values were reduced from 7. 4 ± 2. 6 to 5. 2 ± 2 immediately، 4. 0 ± 1. 7 within 24 hours and 2. 4±1. 4 for 2 weeks after the intervention. The study analysis revealed that there is a significant difference between the different measurement phases (P = 0. 01). The study results demonstrate that cupping therapy and acupressure can be used as effective treatments for lower back pain in the postpartum period

Preeclampsia is one of the most important complications of pregnancy which increases maternal morbidity and mortality. Calcium homeostasis disorders may have some roles in vascular hypersensitivity in preeclampsia. Therefore، the purpose of this study was to compare calcium of serum and 24-hour urine between preelamptic and normotensive pregnant patients. This is a descriptive-analytic study including 50 preeclamptic pregnant and 50 normotensive pregnant females attending to gynecologic and obstetrics ward of Imam Khomeini and Razi hospitals of Ahvaz in 2009. Calcium levels of serum and 24-hour urine were compared in the both groups. Then، liver enzymes، platelets، serum creatinine، and 24-hour urine protein were compared among preeclamtic patients. The results were statistically analyzed using SPSS software. No statistically significant difference was found between serum calcium means in the two groups (p=0. 07)، though mean of 24-hour urine calcium in preeclamptic patients was significantly lower than that of control group (p=0. 0003). In preeclamptic group، the degree of hypocalciuria was related to disordered liver enzymes، serum creatinine greater than 1. 2 mg/dl، thrombocytopenia and proteinuria more than 2g/24h. Preeclampsia is associated with hypocalciuria; the more hypocalciuria there exists، the more preeclampsia is observed.

All the non-enzymatic materials in serum that have antioxidant properties are called antioxidant capacity. These materials protect the body against damage from free radicals. Therefore، this study aimed to compare the total antioxidant capacity of serum of diabetic patients with the healthy individuals as the control group. In this case-control study، 30 patients with type 2 diabetes referring to Zahedan Diabetes Center were assigned into the case group which were compared with 30 participants from control group، who were homogenous with the case croup in terms of age، gender and the other inclusion criteria. The antioxidant capacity of serum was evaluated with FRAP method. The study data were analyzed by T-test and Pearson’s correlation. Serum total antioxidant capacity of patients compared with the control group showed a significant reduction (p<0. 05). There was an inverse relationship between serum total antioxidant capacity and serum glucose concentrations in both diabetic patients and healthy subjects، though this relationship was not statistically significant in any of the two groups. No statistically significant relationship was found between total antioxidant capacity of serums and age. the study results revealed that the antioxidant immune system becomes weakened in type 2 diabetic patients. Considering the activity variations of the antioxidant enzymes in these patients can be helpful in reducing complications of diabetes.

Two important indices for evaluation of children’s health include BMI and DMFT/dmft. This study was designed to assess the relationship between these two indices among 7-11year-old children in Yazd.

The sampling technique used in the present study was a cluster random sampling (A total of 400 pupils aged 7-11). In this cross-sectional study BMI and DMFT/dmft were measured and the relationship between these two indices was evaluated. The effect of such factors as snacks، parent’s education level and frequency of tooth brushing on dental caries score was evaluated. Data were analyzed via McNemar test.

Mean of DMFT/dmft was 5. 09 ± 1. 95. Eighteen percent of children were at risk of overweight or were overweight. Children at risk of overweight and overweight children had a higher frequency of DMFT/dmft≥ 5)P<0. 001. Consumption of snacks and frequency of toothbrushing had a significant effect on this Index.

This study showed a positive relationship between BMI and dental caries score، so that children with higher BMI had a higher DMFT/dmft. In Further research، this relationship should be investigated by longitudinal studies

Foods including soy and dietary supplements are widely used for health benefits، particularly by menopausal women. Serum levels of T3 and T4 decrease in ovariectomized animals and on the other hand، Estradiol can increase levels of thyroid hormones. Therefore، the aim of this study was to examine the effects of soy extract on the thyroid hormones in ovariectomized rats. Forty female wistar rats were randomly divided into four groups (ten animals in each): Sham–operated (surgery without remove of ovaries)، ovariectomized، treated (OVX+soy extract) and control-gavages (intact animals with soy extract). Animals in sham - operated and ovariectomized (OVX) groups received 0/5 ml normal saline by gavages. Animals of treated and control-gavages groups were treated with soy extracts 60mg/kg/day in drinking water for 28 days by gavages. The results showed that TSH serum level increased and serum levels of T3 and T4 decreased significantly in OVX group compared to the sham group (p0. 000). Furthurmore، serum levels of T3 and T4 increased and TSH levels decreased significantly in the treated group compared to the OVX group (p0. 000). Soy extract administration has a positive effect on serum concentrations of thyroid hormones in ovariectomized rats.

Aquaporins (AQPs) are water channels present in the cell wall، allowing water – and occasionally other molecules – to pass the cell membrane. Their function is to maintain the internal milieu cells by regulating water and ion equilibrium. The endometrium undergoes structural changes during the menstrual cycle. If implantation does not occur at the end of each menstrual cycle، amplified endometrium is shed in absence of hormones and leads to bleeding. Excessive uterine bleeding over 80 cc in each menstrual cycle called menorrhagia، is a common gynecological disorder which causes large menstrual bleedings and reduced quality of life for those affected. The study included 37 patients with menorrhagia and 20 healthy individuals. Genomic DNA was extracted from peripheral blood and Genotypes were determined by ARMS-PCR and PCR-RFLP. Statistical analysis was performed using the SPSS program. Regarding rs1049305، the C minor allele showed more frequency in patients'' group (0. 47 vs. 0. 37). The results revealed that GG genotype presents less probable risk for menorrhagia. rs10244884 also shows the same frequency. It can be concluded that both variants are important in pathogenesis of menorrhagia and the results confirm the important role of Aquqporin–1 channel in menstruation as well as endometrium physiology.

Hypothermia has neuroprotective effects in permanent or transient models of cerebral artery occlusion. In the current study، neuroprotective effect of general hypothermia in the embolic model of stroke، in which no study has been conducted to date.

In this experimental study، twenty-four male Wistar rats (250 to 350 g) were divided into three groups as following: sham، Control and hypothermia. Stroke was induced by clot injection into the right middle cerebral artery (MCA). General hypothermia was induced at 6 h after stroke. Neurological deficits were measured at 24 and 48 h after ischemia. Infarction volume and brain edema were determined at the end of study.

General hypothermia significantly decreased infarct volume (P<0. 001) and neurological deficits (P<0. 001). No significant difference was observed between hypothermia and control group in brain edema.

According to the findings of the present study، general hypothermia at six h after ischemia shows neuroprotection in the embolic model of stroke.

The purpose of the present study was to compare the effect of three different types of training programs on serum leptin concentration changes and some regulator hormones of blood glucose in athlete male students. In this quasi-experimental study، 32 athlete male students were randomly divided into 4 groups: endurance (END)، resistance (RES)، concurrent (CON) and control (CONT). In an 8-week training، subjects in END group performed 4 sessions per week running on treadmill with 65% heart rate maximum for 45 minutes; RES group received 4 sessions per week consisting of a 9-item circuit resistance of 4 sets with 12 repetitions and intensity of 60% and one repetition maximum. Moreover، CON group performed both of RES and END training protocols. Blood samples were taken before، immediately and 24 hours after last session training. The study results were analyzed using repeated measures Anova (P≤0. 05). Immediately after exercise، serum leptin concentration decreased significantly in all groups (P≤0. 05)، whereas 24 hours after exercise it increased that was significant in END and RES groups (P≤0. 001). Cortisol levels increased immediately after exercise though that was not significant. In contrary، it decreased 24 hours after training that was significant just in RES group (P≤0. 035). Insulin levels decreased، though، not significantly immediately after exercise، whereas it increased 24 hours after exercise significantly in END (P≤0. 045) and RES groups (P≤0. 004). Growth hormone also increased immediately and 24 hours after exercise which was not significant in any groups. Serum leptin levels revealed higher decrease in CON group compared to other groups that is probably due to high intensity and long exercise period and more adipose tissue reduction.

Within chronic pains، back pain has the highest percentage. Psychological factors play an important role in the establishment and continuation of physical disability as well as in functional limitation in patients with chronic low back pain. Therefore، the purpose of this study was to compare the effectiveness of Mindfulness Based Cognitive Therapy (MBCT) and Cognitive Behavior Therapy (CBT) on decreasing the pain، depression and anxiety of patients with chronic low back pain. This study was an experimental study by pretest- posttest design with a control group. Thirty patients were selected by random sampling among patients with chronic low back pain who referred to Imam Reza and Behsat clinics in Rasht from 2012 to 2013. The study participants were placed in three groups (two experimental and one control group). MBCT (first experimental group) and CBT (second experimental group) were administered in 8 sessions for 90 minutes. The short-form McGill pain Questionnaire (Dworkin et al، 2009) and depression، anxiety، stress scale (Lavibond & Lovibond، 1995) were used for collecting the data in pre-test and post-test stages. One way and multivariate Analysis of Variance were used for analyzing the data. The results showed that there was no meaningful difference between two experimental groups in the mean score of pain، depression، anxiety، though a meaningful difference was observed between these two groups and the control group in regard to above variables. The results support the effectiveness of MBCT and CBT in decreasing pain، depression and anxiety. Therefore، taking account of these two therapeutic methods is very important for patients with chronic low back pain.

Nursing in the intensive care unit requires knowledge، skill، experience and attitude. Due to the high sensitivity of intensive care units and that consideration for the standards can improve the quality of nursing care and safety of patient، the purpose of this study was to determine the performance score of the ICU nurses in teaching hospitals of Yazd and its Adjusting with the standard.

In this cross-sectional descriptive study، performance of 74 nurses working in ICUs in teaching Hospitals، Yazd، Iran، was observed in three fields of Suctioning، Gavag and Extubation via using a checklist. Descriptive and inferential statistical procedures as well as SPSS software (version 16) were used for data analysis.

The results showed that the mean score for nursing performance in suction، gavage and extubation was 13. 76 (±1/86)، 16. 16 (±1/20) and 11. 54 (±1/38) respectively. Mean score of suction and gavage (P=0) and extubation (P=0/05) was significantly lower than the standard score. In the field of suction and gavage، the highest percentage of nonconcurrence with standard was related to hand washing 90. 5% and 79. 7% respectively. In the field of extubation، the highest percentage of disadjustment with standard، was related to the relationship with the patient that was 40. 5%.

According to the study findings، disadjustment of nurses'' performance with standards in suction، gavage and extubation suggest that hospital leaders should act for scientific and practical training of nurses in the mentioned grounds. Furthermore، appropriate knowledge، skill، experience and ability should be regarded for applying nurses in ICUs.

Malva sylvestris belongs to Malvaceae family from which A great deal of (malvone A: 2-methony-5،6di hydroxyl-1،4naphthoquinone) anthocyanins and important natural pigments have been extracted. Anthocyanins and other substances of Malva sylvestris own antibacterial properties. In this study، antibacterial properties of Malva sylvestris were investigated on the 6 bacterial species (Pasteurella multosida، Listeria monocytogenes، Salmonella enterica، Escherichia coli، Staphylococcus aureus، Streptococcus agalactiae) via Hydro-alcoholic extract (arial and root organs) In this study، the anti-bacterial effects of alcoholic extract of Malva sylvestris was separately investigated according to which the most ani-bacterial effect belonged to the extract of the aerial parts on Pasteurella multosida (3/12(0/19mg/ml) %) and no effect was observed on Salmonella enteritidis. however antibiotics play an important role in human health،with the increasing occurrence of bacterial resistance against available antibiotics، it has now become essential to look for newer antibiotics.

Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an inflammatory disease of the central nervous system (CNS). It is an Auto immune disease whose cause is still unknown though some factors can be named as its cause such as genetics، geographic element and viral agents. HSV is among the infection agents that may be involved in pathogenesis of MS. The aim of this study was to use a new technique called loop-mediated isothermal amplification to detect presence of Herpes Simplex Virus in patients harboring Multiple Sclerosis as well as in healthy individuals in the control group. This study is a cross-sectional analytical study in which 50 multiple sclerosis patients and 50 healthy controls were included. The infection with herpes simplex virus types 1 and 2 was investigated by the new technique of LAMP. The sensitivity of this technique was 5 particle viruses and its specificity for HSV was 100%. Within the 50 patients with multiple sclerosis، 11 samples revealed positive results for HSV (22%)، while in the control group no infection with herpes simplex virus was found (0%). This study indicates that the LAMP technique owns high sensitivity and specificity for detection of herpes simplex virus types 1 and 2 in serum of patients with multiple sclerosis as well as the control group.

Traffic accidents are regarded as the most common cause of injuries and in fact، as the second leading cause of death in the country. Furthermore، the highest number of deaths from traffic accidents in the world belonged to the majority of young people aged 20 to 30 years. Therefore، the aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of deaths from traffic accidents and factors associated with it in Yazd in 2009. This was a cross-sectional descriptive and analytical study. The study participants involved the victims of traffic accidents whose injuries were recorded by the authorities in 2009 in Yazd. According to statistical calculations، 2000 events leading to injury were selected using a random table. Then، a questionnaire was completed accordingly. The study data were analyzed using the statistical tests such as T-test، Chi-square، and logistic regression via SPSS software (version 16). Within 2،000 victims of traffic accidents، 94. 9 % involved the males and 5. 1 % were females among whom 3. 4 % died. Most victims aged 21 to 35 years (54. 2 %). The highest percentage of deaths were related to excessive speed (5. 6 %) and driving in the opposite direction (4. 8 %) (P= 0. 01). Also، the highest percentage of deaths were related to the motorcyclists (34 cases) that none had no helmets. This study findings provide useful information for setting priorities in order to prevent the traffic accidents injuries. In addition، appropriate intervention programs are necessary in order to prevent traffic accidents and their complications، as well as to minimize injuries in accordance with other relevant organizations.

Ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP) is the most common nosocomial infection reported among mechanical ventilation patients in intensive care units (ICU). Ventilator-associated pneumonia is associated with increased morbidity، mortality hospital، length of stay and health care costs. Oral health can be compromised by critical illness and by mechanical ventilation and thus، it deteriorates over time. A relationship exists between oral health status and VAP that is influenced by nursing care. Oropharynx colonization is the main risk factor for the development of VAP. Also dental plaques can provide a habitat for microorganisms responsible for VAP. Oral care in critically ill patients is an important issue and nurses of intensive cares play a key role in preventing VAP. Educations for all nurses of intensive cares should focus on the risk factors for VAP as well as onthe preventive interventions. The aim of the present study was to review the literature focusing on oral care in prevention of VAP.