Journal of Inflammatory Diseases
Volume:21 Issue: 6, 2018

Dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) is an important solvent for compounds that used in pain research. Rostral ventromedial medulla (RVM) plays an important role in modulating nociception and stress-induced analgesia (SIA).
The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of DMSO administration into the RVM on SIA by using formalin test.
This experimental study was conducted on 27 Wistar male rats (200±30 gr) were randomly assigned to control, stress and stressೄ groups. Animals were placed in a water reservoir (20±1°C) for 3 minutes to induce forced swimming stress. Stereotaxic surgery was performed to microinjection of DMSO (0.5μl, 100%) into RVM. The pain behavior score was evaluated by subcutaneous injection of formalin 2% in the dorsal plantar region of hid paw.
Findings: The pain score of phase 1, interphase and phase 2 of formalin test in swim stress group decreased significantly in comparison to control group (P Force swim stress induces analgesia in, and microinjections of DMSO into the RVM potentiate the swim stress analgesia. According to the analgesic effects of DMSO, as well as its ability to potentiate stress-induced analgesia, it should be used with caution as solvent in pain studies.

Sever shivering is the most common adverse effect of spinal anesthesia during and after operation that causes physiologic complication. One of the drugs that could decrease operative shivering is ketamine.
The aim of this study is the effect of ketamine to reduce shivering, during spinal anesthesia.
This prospective randomized, and double-blind clinical trial was conducted on 355 patients of candida different surgeries with spinal anesthesia in Bu-Ali and Velayat Hospitals in Qazvin (2017). Patients were randomly divided into experimental (n=175) and control (n=180) groups. For the experimental and control groups, ketamine (0.2 ml/kg) or an equal volume of distilled water were administered with intravenous infusion pumps immediately after initiating spinal anesthesia, respectively. Then degree of shivering checked by anesthesiologist with visual scale during surgery.
Findings: The rate and intensity of shivering at ketamine group significantly decreased compared to the control group. Shivering during surgery was less than in men, urological surgery and age (20-40 years) in both groups.
Adding ketamine to drug’s pump in patients undergoing spinal anesthesia could be effective method to control shivering during operation.

According to national tuberculosis control guide, two-step tuberculin skin test (TST) should be done in the elderly, if the initial test is negative. However, it raises questions about the usefulness of this approach.
This study aimed to explore the effects of fish oil supplements on the two-step tuberculin test in hospitalized patients.
In this randomized controlled clinical trial, 128 patients randomly allocated to control group (receiving placebo, n=64) and treatment group (receiving fish oil supplements, n=64) during 2016. Fish oil supplement group was treated with 2 g daily for 4 consecutive days. The outcome was considered a change in 2 sequential TST induration sizes. Significant increase in the size of the secondary induration compared to primary was considered 6 mm or more.
Findings: There was significant difference between primary and secondary indurations of two groups (higher in treatment group) (P=0.04). According to the results of analysis of variance and correlation tests, two effective factors were identified: initial induration and residence location (P=0.014 and P=0.002, respectively). In both groups, no clinically significant increase in the size of induration was observed.
It seems that the number of cases considered as infected with tuberculosis does not increase with two- rather than one-step tuberculin skin test. Also, the short-term administration of fish oil supplements does not change this result.

In human pregnancies HLA-G (Human leukocyte antigens G) is supposed that play a main role in implantation. It is expressed on trophoblast cells that invades during pregnancy to the uterus decidua and is introduced to induce maternal tolerance immunologically against the fetus.
The aim of this study was to find association between the HLA-G*0105N polymorphism and recurrent abortion in women.
This case-control study was conducted on two groups of 108 women with history recurrent abortion (RSA) as a case group or without history RSA as a control group in Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Qazvin University of Medical Sciences in 2015. The frequency of null allele of HLA-G*0105N was studied in two groups by PCR -RFLP method. Allele and genotype frequencies of two group were compared using Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium and Chi-square test.
Findings: In case group, 54 (50%) and 17 (15.7%) were heterozygous and homozygous respectively for HLA-G*0105N polymorphism. In control group, only 9 (8%) was homozygous for HLA-G*0105N polymorphism. But there was no significant difference between case and control on HLA-G*0105N allele with RSA (P=0.1004).
As the results, there was no significant association between HLA-G*0105N poly morphism and RSA. Thus, it seems that this HLA-G*0105N polymorphism may effective in relation with other genes or polymorphisms in RSA.

After cerebrovascular and coronary diseases, trauma due to road accident is the leading cause of death in our country. Maxillofacial fractures have economic and psychological consequences in addition to effects on the aesthetic and function of a person. Because of high frequency of car accidents in Zanjan province roadways, evaluation of maxillofacial fractures is important.
The aim of study was to evaluate the epidemiologic characteristics of maxillofacial fractures in patients referred to Ayatollah - Mousavi Hospital in Zanjan in 2013-15.
In this descriptive retrospective study, personal’s profile (age, sex), and fracture pattern (etiology and location) of 303 patients were selected by archive review and recorded in the informative form. Data were analyzed with descriptive statistics.
Findings: From 277 evaluated maxillofacial fractures patients who met the inclusion criteria in this study such as completeness and legibility of registered data, 229 patients (82%) were male and 48 patients (18%) female. The peak incidence of maxillofacial injury was observed in the age group of 21-31 years. Most and least frequent site for fracture were mandible (26.7%) and condyle (6.9%) respectively. The most common cause for maxillofacial fracture in sequence were: car accident (79.4%), falling (8.3%), violence and assaults (5.8%).
The most common cause for maxillofacial fracture was car accident especially in young adult males. So, emergency relief for victims, vehicle safety, and increase public awareness about seat belt usage is suggested.

Aging is accompanied by physiologic changes that can negatively impact nutritional status. Progressive under nutrition during aging is associated with early death. Some food avoidance could complicate nutritional status during chronic diseases in elderly people.
The aim of this study was to compare malnutrition among elderly people with and without cardiovascular diseases (CVDs).
This case-control study was conducted on 64 healthy elder subjects (as a control group) and 64 elderly patients with CVDs (as a case group) in Shiraz (2017). Demographic and mini nutritional assessment (MNA) questionnaires were completed for each participant. Anthropometric data (weight, BMI, waist, hip, arm and calf circumferences) were measured.
Findings: Malnutrition distribution was significantly different between two groups based on MNA score (P Malnutrition rate increased in elderly patients with CVDs compared to healthy old group. It seems that food avoidance of the disease is the cause of higher malnutrition rate. Attention to the balance and adequacy of macronutrient intake in a personal diet of CVDs patients can be a method to prevent progression of malnutrition in old patients.

Managers’ communication skills and leadership style have influential effect on organizational effectiveness.
The aim of the study was to evaluate the level of communication skills and type of leadership style among managers and its association with organizational effectiveness from the viewpoints of employees working in hospitals affiliated by Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences in Yazd.
This analytical and cross-sectional study was conducted among a sample of 400 employees working in three training hospitals of Yazd who have been selected using a randomized clustered method in 2016. Three standard questionnaires including communication skills by Burton, leadership style, Burdens and Metzcus and organizational effectiveness were used by Parsons used to collect data.
Findings: Study findings revealed a significant reverse relationship between managers’ leadership style and their communication skills (P=0.001, r=-0.682) and a direct significant relationship between organizational effectiveness and the latter (P=0.001, r=0.913). Results also confirmed a reverse association between leadership style and organizational effectiveness which was not statistically significant (P=0.669, r=-0.032). Furthermore, the direct influence of communication skills on organizational effectiveness was much more severe than indirect influence of communication skills on organizational effectiveness with a moderating role of leadership style.
Developing effective communication and influencing interaction among managers and organizational employees are mentioned as an important strategy for successful organizations to achieve their determined goals in an appropriate manner.

It seems to be important and necessary for librarians to develop and promote their own health information and increase their own health literacy which they play a great role in this subject in society.
The aim of this study is measuring of health literacy and resources to achieve them among librarians of Mazandaran public library.
This is applied and survey-descriptive study in 2017. Statistical population include 147 librarians and staff of Mazandaran public library foundation. To collect data, we used TOFHLA questionnaire and none-Para metrics test to analysis data.
Findings: Findings show that most of librarians 125 subjects (85%) have suitable health literacy. Audio and video media and doctors were founded as the most important facilities to access to health information among them. Moreover, there were positive correlation between "health literacy of librarians" and "use video-audio media", "relationship with doctors", "use internet", "use social networks", and "participate to educational courses related to health and hygiene (r=0.41, r=0.37, r=0.29, r=0.22, and r=0.26) respectively.
Attention to the resources related to health information will improve quality of health literacy. Planning and making policy by public library foundation, Ministry of Health, government and coordination with other organizations will provide positive impacts for health literacy of librarians’ society.

Stem cells are unspecialized cells that are capable of self-renewal and differentiate into a variety of cell types. Indeed, stem cells are able to differentiate into functional specialized cells e.g. myocardiocyte, neurocyte, osteoblast, adipocyte, chondrocyte, etc. Among stem cells, mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) have been considered by researchers on account of having differentiation ability into variety of cells with no risk of tumorogenicity and immune system stimulation. The aim of this article is reviewing of stem cell types, their sources, MSCs, their features and characteristics, their potential in regenerative medicine and their clinical application in medicine. Information have been gathered in the present review study in 2017, by referring to the following databases; PubMed, Science Direct, Ovid Databases, Scopus, Wiley and Springer. MSCs have an ability to differentiate into various cells e.g. osteoblast, adipocyte, myocardiocyte, chondrocyte, myoblast, neurocyte, neuroglia cells, myocyte, endothelial cells, isle cells, etc. Also, it seems that MSCs have been preferred in regenerative medicine because of having immunomodulatory properties and ability of secretion of various cytokines and growth factors. Development of human knowledge in the field of producing, proliferation and differentiation of stem cells, bring the hope of using these cells in treatment of neural lesion e.g. spinal cord injury, multiple sclerosis, Alzheimer, parkinsonism, etc.

Calculating the performance of instructors always requires time, effort, expense, and precision. Therefore, the use of information technology adds speed and precision.
This study provided an application for calculating the performance of instructors.
This experimental study conducted during 2010-14 in faculty of nursing and midwifery of Qazvin University. Based on the existing educational information of the school, first the programs was designed by Excel software, and then the amount of instructors units were calculated and compared in the course of five semesters. In the next two semesters, variables, forms and the process of calculation were developed.
The results show that the knowledge of all faculty members over the course of five semesters, which was calculated using traditional and electronic methods. During the next two semesters, the program's problems were corrected and a computational program was prepared based on the objectives of the study.
The electronic calculation program calculates the performance of the instructors accurately and quickly.