فصلنامه راهبرد
پیاپی 55 (تابستان 1389)

The year 2003 witnessed the emergence of the first national document of development issued by the supreme leader. Monitoring the achievements made in light of this document through using environmental essential elements and futurist studies is of great importance. A classical method for explaining the trend of developments is using indices defined and elaborated by international institutions. However, exigencies resulted from abiding by determined perspective invite us to the redefinition of these indices. Whileredefining the main elements of environmental changes in light of the abovementined exigencies, this article explains their importance for the future of Iran.

Introduction of new substances to workplace or living environment may be followed by various potential and actual hazards and ignoring them will entail great risks. This paper conducts a general discussion on the impact of nano-particles and nanotechnology on human health and their possible damages to environment. As much as nanotechnology has appealed to people, its environmental hazards have raised concerns. Therefore, methods used to manage health hazards of nanotechnology will be subject of futureresearches.

Sanctions are used in contemporary international relations to settle disputes and achieve certain political goals. More than often, they reflect discontent of powerful members of the United Nations Security Council Extensive investigations followed whose findings were presented to the Council in a 574-page report which alluded to “perpetration of war crimes and possible crimes against humanity.” Despite severe protests by Israel, theUnited States, and some European countries, the report was adopted unanimously by the General Assembly paving the way for submission of the report to the Security Council and filing a lawsuit with The Hague Tribunal as possible next steps.This paper discusses various aspects of the report from the viewpoint of international humanitarian law before scrutinizing international responsibilities of the Zionist regime on the basis of information contained in the report.

After the concept of “responsibility to protect” was included in 2005 World Summit Outcome Document, most proponents maintained that unlike its predecessor, humanitarian intervention, the new concept could be easily adopted as a new international norm. Differences in interests and concerns between the Western Groups and the members of the Non-Aligned Movement (NAM), however, have slowed down that process. The present paper tries to offer a better understanding of the concept of “responsibility to protect” by focusing on its quality and evolution and its identity as anorm. It also explains different reactions shown to this concept by western states and members of the Non-Aligned Movement. The author maintains that “responsibility to protect” is based on the theory of universality of justice, protection of human dignity, and promotion of ethics in international relations. Promotion of this concept, however, has been sluggish due to resistance from non-aligned countries against its rapid development into an international norm as they fear the new concept can be used against other countries in an arbitrary and politicized way by western states.

Westernization was the dominant political trend in 1990s Turkey. Domination of this approach on Turkey's foreign policy in 1990s was, in fact, continuation of globalist viewpoints which governed the country's foreign policy throughout the Cold War. According to this foreign policy approach, Ankara reduced its role in Middle East equations to a minimum in 1990s. This paper argues that after Justice and Development Party swept to power in 2002 and despite continuation of the aforesaid approach inTurkey's foreign policy, the country has been more actively involved in regional equations of the Middle East. Involvement of Turkey in regional equations and establishment of close relations with other Middle Eastern countries has its own reasons, dimensions and consequences which have been discussed here.

Globalization refers to complicated processes making states and societies closer to each other. Although this phenomenon has a long history, it seems that it became more prevalent, in its new sense, after the emergence of the information revolution in the 1990s. Globalization has been influential in different political, economic, social and cultural areas, but perhaps it has been more controversial in the realm of global culture. Itscritics have considered it tantamount to the American domination over the world. On the opposite side, its proponents believe that global culture means the interminglement of cultures. However, there is a group of people who see it as cultural dis-integration that is globalization is an opportunity and at the same time a threat for different cultures. The effects of globalization on religion have been of paradoxical nature that is it has been an opportunity for religion from technological point of view and putting in questionmetanarratives for the life of religion and strengthening its social role, but a threat due to its post-modernist relativism and analysis of theological teaching in the framework of discourse analysis. Perhaps one of the most concrete consequences of globalization for religion in the contemporary world is the rapprochement of religions and the creation of a positive atmosphere for the formation of a kind of global theology; the fact that not only paves the way for dialogue between religions, but also strengthens religion as a software movement in the scene of international politics.

Social concepts are essentially complicated and diverse. for this reason, theorization on this issues has been always controversial. What is necessary in addressing these issues is the emphasis on different views expressed by thinkers. It should be recognized that today different variables in the Process of analyzing social problems tend to theorize and mere emphasis on some classical theories for understanding complicated social problems is not instrumental. On the other hand, the promotion of theorization in solving social problems has created new needs and questions beyond the capacity of the discipline of sociology and hence challenged its existence and efficiency. Naturally, we cannot rely upon those things which so far contributed to the growth and development of sociology and its relevant branches such as political sociology and to the creation of existingframeworks within micro and macro sociology. Today, social sciences scholars are in the borderline between empirical research and philosophical analysis, and pursue two main goals: deepening our philosophical understanding of sociology duo to theoretization in this discipline, and setting the ground for advancement in this discipline through laying thebasis of theoretical thought, and accurate analyses. While taking a glance at the classical sociological theories, this article tries to study the status of theorization in sociology as a set of a priori attempts involving theoretical activities regarding the relationships between new social variable, affected by social problems.

The complicated nature of human being and his wonderful creation have set the ground for everyday discovering new methods for treating his body and soul. Hypnosis is one of these discoveries witnessing remarkable growth during the recent decades in different areas of medical sciences. One of the applications of this phenomenon is pain relief. In today's world, this phenomenon is widely used for reducing the consumption of chemical drugs and narcotics as well as reducing treatment costs and the charges of insurance companies. This article introduces this phenomenon and describes its high status in modern medicine (compared to the past).

The later period of philosophical life of Heidegger cannot be understood without having clear knowledge about his earlier beliefs. This article describes Heidegger's earlier views on science and then explores the changes made in his views in his later period of philosophical activities. As the article shows, the later works of Heidegger add new elements to the characteristics of the modern science and also put more emphasis on some past elements.