فصلنامه راهبرد
پیاپی 71 (تابستان 1393)

With the crash of a passenger aircroft belonging to Malaysian airline in Ukraine which apparently shot down by a missile fired by separatists, people around the world once again realized the dangers threatening the safety of civil aviation. Threats against civil aviation take on various forms such as intended violent actions, terrorist attacks, ban on selling spare parts, use of light anti-air weapons, suicide attaks and so on which pose a great challenge for international community. One of the examples in this regard was the attack made by USS Vincennes on the Iranian airbus in 1988. Although, many articles have been written on this subject, given the increasing spread of violences against civilian airplanes, reviewing this event with the goal of taking lessons to reduce these violent actions and to confront this worrisome trend, could be useful.

The present article, drawing upon the findings of a field research, tries to study pathological social cleavages in the Iranian society (racial, gender, ethnic and religious cleavages) and mechanisms for strengthening social solidarity and national convergence and friendship among the Iranian society. The results of the survey show that the above-mentioned social rifts are not acute in the Iranian society. However, in regard to the different components of social solidarity and national convergence, the attitude of the youth, women, Iranian ethnic groups and Sunni countrymen towards subjects such as “social justice”, “public trust” and “efficiency of the institutions and authorities of the system” was not proven to be positive. Therefore, adopting policies aiming at the “reduction of poverty and discrimination”, “increase of political and social participation” and “increase of cultural interactions” in the society, especially in ethnic areas and Sunni populated regions of the country are necessary for strengthening social solidarity, boosting national unity and increasing friendship in the society. The time focus of this research is the decade 1380s.

In recent years, our country's situation has changed in such a way that our nation is faced with global pressures. Today we needa bounce in the economy and weve got to move on. Our enemies want to recapture their domination over our country through sanctions and economic pressure.In this critical situation, resistive economy was raised by the Superme Leader to deal with the economic pressures and sanctions imposed on us by our enemies.Resistive economy identifies pressures exerted by other countries and tries to control and decrease the effects of these pressures and to turn these threats into opportunities. On the other hand, agility is the ability of an organization to seize on new opportunities for competitive advantage and to control information, assets and existing communications to adapt with the sudden changes of business terms.In this article, after reviewing the resistive economy and agility literatures, we explore the necessity of an agile organization to achieve overall policies of resistive economy. According to the literature of resistive economy and agility, we provide the different dimensions of an agile resistive economy. After conducting the examination, a conceptual model of agile resistive economy is presented. This model can be used by agile organizations to achieve the goals of an agile resistive economy.

The occurrence of revolutions in the North Africa and in the Middle East caused that regional and extra-regional actors pursue different policies and approaches towards this region. Russia is considered a major regional actor in the Middle East and its presence in this region dates back to the Tsar era. These revolts changed Russia´s approach towards this region in line with its benefits and it pursued different policies in regard to each country.This article tries to indentify Russia's approaches towards Arab revolutions based on a theoretical framework. Its main question is; what are the effects of Arab revolution in the Middle East on the Russia's policies in the region? My hypothesis is that civil risings in the Middle East region known as "Arab revolutions" led Russia, first, to pursue a policy cooperation with the West, But later due to its concerns about the based on increased presence of U.S. in the region and the spread of this revolution to the Eurasian region, it pursued a policy in opposition to revolutionary movements and supported incubment regimes in a stark contrast with the West's policies.

In order to operate in a competitive business environment, organizations should rapidly adapt to changing situations. organization's ability to learn is a key strategic capability to compete in modern markets. This study seeks to examine how "organizational learning" as a dynamic capability shapes "strategic flexibility" and eventually affects the "innovative performance of organization". In fact, in this study a new concept called "organizational innovative performance" has been investigated. This study is an applied research and the used method is descriptive. The purpose is to identify factors affecting innovative performance of an organization. To do this, after reviewing the theoretical foundations of the field, the factors affecting innovative performance were identified and the conceptual model is presented. Then, in order to measure the conceptual model, data were collected through questionnaire and were analyzed. Based on findings, "organizational learning" and "strategic flexibility" were presented as determinants of innovative performance. Finally, on the basis of the results of data analysis, practical suggestions are provided for business managers.

Poverty has various causes. One of the most important factors involved is the attitude of people towards the causes of poverty. This study was conducted to analyze the attitudes of farmers regarding poverty by using survey research. The subjects were 300 farmers of Eslamabad-e-Gharb from two different districts: one under the coverage of pressurized irrigation and the other outside of it. They were selected based on multiple-stage stratified random sampling. The results of the study showed that among the causes related to rural-poverty, three fundamental factors were extracted. Based on the results of regression, the amount of income and the level of literacy had the highest effects on the attitude to the causes of poverty in the district under the coverage of pressurized irrigation and the outside one respectively. Access to extension services had the highest effect in total region. Also, participation in social activities and attitude to extension experts activities determined to some extent the variations of the dependent variable. Finally, practical recommendations are provided to reduce rural poverty.

As knowledge management and intellectual capital have become important issues in recent years, a great deal of research have tried to make a bridge between knowledge management and intellectual capital on the one hand with innovation, on the other hand. Researchers point to the role and impact of knowledge management on innovation expansion and believe that knowledge management either has to be fundamentally focused on innovation and creativity or the utmost innovation efficiency would solely be obtained when knowledge management process backs innovation. These assumptions lead us to concentrate on the analysis of knowledge management role in the national innovation system. The methods used in the research are test analysis and meta-analysis.Modeling the relationship of knowledge management and the performance indicators of national innovation system show that knowledge creation and capacity of NIS, knowledge gathering in NIS, knowledge sharing and dynamism of NIS, knowledge use and efficiency of NIS, knowledge evaluation and optimization of NIS, have meaningful correlations.

Many attempts have been made made to evaluate the possibility of presenting the Sadraian thoughts as a basis for theorizing the philosophy of science. The transcendental wisdom through the revealment of teachings by the holy Quran and the words of infallible Imams, may peace be upon them and with the support of the Aristotelian and illuminative philosophers as well as the Islamic gnostics and theology have been able to give some fresh breath to the realm of ontology, anthropology and methodology. If this is explained properly and accurately, a new conception of the world would be introduced through which the available scientific theories can be justified and even become a foundation for greater scientific theories. Evaluating concepts (such as sadraian ontological pyramid, the essence of science, hermeneutic as a method, manner of crossing through the exoteric to reach the esoteric, explaining the relation between human and the world meanwhile redefining the concept of human and the reality and the relation between them) (based on the substantial movement and the unity of knower and known principles) show a specific type of thought that is something completely different from the dogmatic rational of monology and skepticism due to new hermeneutic. Concentrating on the principle of gradation in sadraian ontology and concomitance of science with existence and exploiting hermeneutic as a method in recognizing the different layers of an object and eliminating the gap between knower and known (human and world) would extract the many and different perceptions from the one reality in a manner that unlike that current philosophies, it would not end up in skepticism and blameworthy relativism.

The richness of phenomenological studies provides an oppprtunity for entrepreneurial researchers to start developing high content theories. The concept of epoche is the basis of phenomenological research. Epoche is increasingly advanced in qualitative research but it seems that it is frequently used as a surface or vague method. Epoche as a method is usually used in qualitative research to reduce the potentially harmful effects of defaults that may lead to invalid research process. The most important issue that we should be paid attention to it is how to design phenomenological research. The purpose of this article is to focus on epoche concept, its nature and its performance in qualitative research. To reach this objective, first, we have reviewed epoche concept and then we studied the style of epoche strategy in terms of its design and operation in two separate sections in details. Finally, as the researcher should design the style of epoche and no specified standard is available in this regard, we present a case study using epoche in designing phenomenological research for informing interested persons. It is expected the readers will understand the epoche concept, the method of its use in entrepreneurship phenomenological research and also the practical style of its implementation.

This article confirms that historical Iranian decline theory (HIDT), on the basis of deliberation on the intellectual origins and history of thought in Iran, is of much importance. But we want to examine the internal competency of decline theory, its approach and conclusions. Our method in this article is hermeneutic based on the interpretation of the critical concept of the theory. We have tried to discover and understand the meaning and applications of the text written by Javad Tabatabee which forms the basic tenets of this theory. This article concludes that Tabatabaee`s approach in the theory of Iranian decline, from the viewpoint of an in-depth study of intellectual history of Iran, is of great importance but it lacks internal cohesion and contrary to the main concern of its founder, this theory resorts to sociological explanations. Also, the theory of Iranian decline is a holistic narration of the history of Iran and Tabatabaee has attributed the contemporary dilemmas of Iran to Mongols’ attacks on Iran 800 years ago. The theory of Iranian decline doesn’t pay serious and enough attention to the basic role of religion in Iranian civilization, especially after the enterance of Islam to Iran. In addition, Tabatabaee believes that political philosophy is the most important approach to understanding Iranian social affairs and other approaches seem to be very superficial. Advancing decline theory as a way for rolling back historical decline should be based on explaining philosophical modernity through the critique of tradition.Tabtabaee has not described the role and situation of thoughts in ancient Iran, as well as the status of Islamic thinking and Greek philosophy in Iranian modernity. After all, we conclude that Tabatabaee is an excellent researcher for carrying out in-depth deliberation on classic texts but the political application of his theory has proved to be very ambiguous.