فصلنامه راهبرد
پیاپی 74 (بهار 1394)

The purpose of this article is studying the effect of financial development on industrial employment. First of all, financial development indices in banking sector was defined and calculated for Iran in the period of 1358-1388. Then, principal component analysis (PCA) was presented as a statistical method for making compound index. In the next step, computed compound index was introduced to labor demand function as a new variable. So, we had four explanatory variables consisting of value added in industry sector, real minimum wage, capital stock in industry sector and financial development in labor demand function. For estimating the function, structural time series model was used which considered an underlying trend for labor demand. The result shows that all estimated parameters are significant in the probability level of 5%, and the research hypothesis based on significance and affirmative effect of financial development on industrial employment, was not rejected.

After the Second World War, developing countries that were going to plan an economic development course encountered the privileged position of developed countries in various fields related to economic development and realized their own disadvantages in those areas. Therefore, by various means including UN help, they tried to obligate developed countries so they should specially and non-reciprocally implement measures for their benefit.The special treatments expected by developing countries that have been repetitively and continuously brought up by the UN are: amending the structure of global economy, suitable pricing for exports of preliminary goods, removing tariff-/non-tariff-based barriers, market access, financing development and technology transfer. Developed countries, notwithstanding some exceptions, have not accepted non-reciprocally any binding obligation related to the kinds of aforementioned treatments; but have volunteered to do so. Positive consequences of those attempts have been trivial compared to under-developed world requirements. Albeit, some developing countries have been able to exploit the situation in a better way with desirable management. Developing countries must rely on their own potentials for economic development not on the aids of other countries. Documents and library based methodology were used in this study which is descriptive and analytical.

New institutional economy introduced institutional and political factors as well as economic variables as factors affecting economic growth which have led to the appearance of new economic literature and it is developed from new theory of endogenous growth and macro political economy. New institutional economy is involved in a wider set of explanatory variables which are evolved due to cultural, social, political and economic infrastructures in comparison to other schools. In this article, the empirical analysis of the impact of economic, political and institutional variables on economic growth in the endogenous growth models with using regression analysis and GMM model is generalized to selected countries of world at the three levels of development during the period of 1990-2013.Macroeconomic stability has a positive effect on economic growth. The hypothesis that political instability has a negative effect on economic growth is confirmed. The variable of cabinet change would be a better alternative for the political instability variable than other variables. Improvment of institutional variables, the efficiency of legal structure and preserving property rights, ethnic homogeneity and higher economic freedom are crucial factors to encourage investment and economic growth. The impact of economic, political and institutional variables on economic growth have less coefficient in countries with high per capita income which have more appropriate facilities and infrastructure for the growth and development, but these coefficients are large in countries with average and low per capita income because of neglecting institutional variables, political volatility and lack of economic stability in this countries.

The US-Iran conflict whose origins dates back to the establishment of the Islamic republic government in Iran following the 1979 revolution, has evolved into a new phase in the preceding decade as the dispute over Iran's nuclear activities has risen. As illustrated in this article, we have analyzed the 13-year-old nuclear dispute using game theory which has proved to be an effective tool in analyzing confrontations and forecasting the outcome. In the first section of this article, we present historical instances of applying game theory to analysis of conflicts. In the rest of the article, we look at the US-Iran dispute over Iran's nuclear activities in three historically significant time periods in the years 2006, 2013 and 2015, through a game-theoretic approach. The conclusion illustrates how a change in the combination of the main actors, including Iran, US, Russia, China, Europe and Israel in each period, as well as continuation or change in their priorities, have resulted in different outcomes. Ultimately, based on insights gained by the analysis, the authors present recommendations on how to avoid returning to the past conditions.

Clean drinking water has been identified as the most important factor affecting human health. The main source to control healthy drinking water is the "water quality standard" reports. Due to the fact that each country has its own economic resources, technology, and water characteristics, preparing separate water quality standards are of necessity. This article contains guidelines for the preparation of drinking water quality standards in developing countries. The most important strategies on the field are: laying rules in order to formulate a standard, development of strategies to recognize desired parameter, sampling and monitoring programs, as well as how to apply the standards which are included in the study. Finally, a comparative analysis of water quality standards in a developing country is compared to the standards provided by the World Health Organization and the Environmental Protection Agency.

The purpose of this article is to study and analyze the status of financial exchange among the main agents in the area of nanotechnology in Iran through a quantitative study of their relationships by using the network analysis method. Identifiying financial exchange networks and the subsequent disclosure of influential agents as well as understanding strong and weak points regarding the relationship between the agents involved in this area is the final conclusion of this research. The research findings at the level of individual agents reflected the high centrality of Iran Nanotechnology Initiative Council as the main agent-network in this field. Nanotechnology in the current situation of Iran has not sufficiently entered the commercialization phase because the institutions established by the government to develop this technology have much more prominence in network.

The use of drones in modern armed conflicts has raised several major controversies over the implementation of international humanitarian law including the lack of distinction between terrorists and civilians and the use of drones by some civilian institutions such as United States’ Central Intelligence Agency. Attributing international humanitarian law to the United States’ drone attacks against international terrorism following the 9/11 terrorist attacks has had different status in Pakistan, Afghanistan, Yemen and Somalia due to the nature of these armed conflicts. But there are common principles in all of these conflicts i.e. protecting civilians and distinguishing between combatants and non-combatants which has been breached in according with the international humanitarian law. The conclusion of this article is that in addition to the violations of international humanitarian law, particularly in the field of protection of civilians and the environment, the United States’ drone attacks couldn’t attain their alleged aims i.e. combating international terrorism but conversely have amounted to the growth of anti-Americanism and the incorporation of indigenous people in targeted areas to the terrorist groups,, scattering terrorists in other countries such as Syria and ultimately the increasing tide of violence in the Middle East and the disruption of regional peace and security conflicting the purposes and principles of the United Nations Charter.

This article, investigates the limitations of energy supply in order to fulfill the long term growing trend of energy demands. Moreover, a strategic plan for developing an alternative source of energy, which is environment friendly and sustainable is presented. The result of this study differs from similar investigations which normally conclude by suggesting renewable energies. But in this article, the trend of energy production by sun as a main resource of all energy sources on earth i.e. fusion energy is suggested, supported by relevant techno-economical justifications. Firstly, the trend of developing nuclear fusion technology both globally and domestically is briefly introduced and in order to achieve the country’s goals of long term strategic vision, the unavoidable strategy towards nuclear fusion energy in the form of electric power plants is further emphasized in the article.

The main purpose of this article is was to investigate and analyze the moderate government's nuclear policy according to the continuity theory of James Rosenau. This Theory combines micro and macro analysis levels in analyzing foreign policy theoretical models. Based on this theory, in analyzing the foreign policy of any country it should eventually be considered variables such as individual role, society and the international system. In this regard, at first, this article overviews micro and macro - approaches in the analysis of foreign policy, then in the second debate, the theoretical framework (Rosenau's continuity model) will be discussed, then in the final section, the Islamic republic of Iran's nuclear policy during the presidency of Rohani will be discussed. Finally, in order to understand the comprehensive nuclear policy of a Moderate Government, the following variables are very important: the role of decision-makers and their subjective beliefs (perceptions of Mr. Rohani, Mr. Zareef and the negotiating team), the role they play (The President role, Minister of Foreign Affairs and etc), the type of political system and the perception of its role (the Islamic Republic, with an emphasis on the Islamic element), society (the role of public opinion and major value orientation) and finally environmental variables in the international system. This is a descriptive and analytical research and data collection was condacted by the use of library and virtual resources.

During recent decades, there has been a debate between advocates and opponents of nuclear proliferation which turned into a new phase as a result of entering new actors. factors shaping the debate are the different views on connectio between proliferation and peace. This article aims to study nuclear proliferation contribution to international peace. It seems that nuclear proliferation through deterrence results in international peace. Testing the hypothesis was accomplished by using descriptive-analytical method. That is, reviewing numerous texts and extracting different views, would make clear the peaceful effect of nuclear proliferation. Findings show that ‘the more may be better’. While developing countries enjoy low-quality weapons, they have succeeded to preserve their stability using a primary deterrence.