نشریه رهیافت
پیاپی 45 (پاییز و زمستان 1388)

Ethic is a concept of logic and reveals the vice and virtues of behaviors. Since the administration of the society is not possible just by ethic، science and awareness of good and bad behaviors provide internal and external controlling obligations. Internal control is so called moral while external control emphasizes on ruling laws and regulations of society ignoring them leads to legal fines. There is no doubt that acceptance of the ethical principles improves both the internal and external efficiency of individuals and societies. Due to the worth and essence of knowledge the consideration of the ethical rules among the researchers and elites is inevitable necessity. Elites، scientists and researchers are the model guide for the society and their behaviors، speeches and actions play key role in culturalization of this model in society. To inform the authors in preparing good paper with high efficient results and findings، this paper highlights the ethical and non ethical behaviors in manuscript writing and conveys the expectations and necessities in this era along with some legal laws and relevant regulations.

This study investigates OIC members states‘ research findings indexed in Scopus in social science category during 2006-2008 based on citation analysis. Population includes 28 OIC members with more than one millions. The findings showed that Turkey، Iran، Malaysia and Nigeria in relation to numbers of articles obtained first to fourth places، respectively. Based on citation counts except Malaysia the three others kept their position. Out of 10619 articles، about 2933 articles (27. 6%) received citations. Mean H Index in Southeast Asia، southwest and south، north and central Asia and Africa is 6. 3، 4. 4، 3. 6، and 2. 8، respectively.

Nowadays، main factors of success of organizations and working groups depends on the well understanding and effective utilization of knowledge workers capabilities. Various activities will be done in regard to the form of a concept called” Knowledge Management” which increase competitiveness and improve the different levels of performance of organizations، in addition has ability to expand the boundaries of knowledge inside and between the organizations، and this knowledge can be developed in the industry or country level. In this article، which is considered as library researches، in order to become more familiar with the concept of Knowledge Management، firstly. mentioned the change the various aspects of the emergence of this concept، secondly، some of the definitions for knowledge management is overviewed and provide a knowledge management process model، and then outlined the knowledge development factor and its role in knowledge creation and organizational innovation.

Nowadays, there is a big gap between countries which is the result of differences in scientific development. The key to development and success in the world competition is the qualitative and quantitative development of research activities and scientific advances. This does not happy by itself and needs strict evaluation and consequent planning in all scientific organizations including research institutions. Therefore, the evaluation of research institutions should be carried out on the basis of a suitable model and scientific methods so that strengths and weaknesses, capabilities and limitations may be recognized and necessary steps may be taken for their development. The investigation of international experiences shows that depending on the scientific nature of research institutions, their evaluation is based on internal and external evaluation. in Iran, accreditation model has been just utilized in university systems. This paper tries to provide an accreditation model for research institutions and report the international experiences in this regard. Then, it investigates a decade of accreditation experience in the Iranian university systems and their outcomes and tries to extend the use of this model to Iranian research institutions. Finally, it provides solutions in order to increase its efficiency.

The Fourth Wave of Development is a term coined to denote a period of scientific and technological developments in which the combined powers of four newly emerging and pioneer science and technology، namely Nano، Bio، Info and Cogno، are acting as the driving engine for progress and cause extensive changes in all aspect of human life. Changes whose ramifications and consequences are partially and to a little extent have already become visible but their true extents are yet to emerge. The present paper is a brief account of a project which was carried out at the National Institute for Science Policy in 2008 with the objective of assessing the impact of the four emerging and convergent sciences and technology on socio-cultural aspects of life in Iran. It was hoped that through this project، a number of policies and recommendations for the best ways of dealing with the convergent sciences and technologies could be developed.

The Howard Hughes Medical Institute (HHMI) is a united state non-profit medical research institute based in Chevy Chase، Maryland. It was founded by an American magnate Howard Hughes in 1953. This institute is one of the largest private funding organization for biological and medical research in the united state. HHMI''s principal mission is conducting basic biomedical research in the fields of genetics، immunology and rapidly growing field of molecular biology، which it carries out in collaboration with more than 60 universities، medical centers and other research institute throughout the United States. The primary purpose and objective of Howard Hughes medical institute shall be the promotion of human knowledge within the field of the basics science and the effective application thereof for the benefit of mankind. The institute has an endowment of $17. 5 billion، making it the second wealthiest philanthropic organization in the united state، and the second best endowed medical research foundation in the world. Discoveries made in Howard hugs laboratories are fundamentally changing the way we view the world. The institute is an operating medical research organization –not a foundation. This means that it carries out research with its own scientific teams. The HHMI researchers are widely recognized for creativity and productivity including 124 National Academy of Sciences members and 13 Nobel Prize winners within the investigator community. Investigators have the freedom to explore and، if necessary، to change direction in their research. Moreover، they have support to follow their ideas through to fruition – even if that process takes a very long time. This institute has also allocated some research grants for individuals and science education grants for institutions. Also there are some online resources of this institute for people. There is an HHMI-NIH research scholar program for students. HHMI has recently completed building a new research campus called janelia farm research campus.

To establish “Creative Society Based on Science،” the Korea Foundation for the Advancement of Science and Creativity (KOFAC) plays two main roles that are focused on enabling Korea to reach the status of a truly advanced country by enhancing its knowledge-based growth. The first is to promote the progress of science and technology by providing youth with a variety of opportunities to experience and learn science as well as to make them realize their potentials. The second role is to contribute to the development of society by organizing communication channels for knowledge sharing in the program of science and technology and global issues such as climate، water، disease، energy، and food. In this paper، plans and projects that are undertaken by KOFAC to enhance publicunderstanding of science and to develop creative human resources and strengthening science and mathematics will be scanned and goals، objectives and missions of KOFAC will be surveyed.