نشریه رهیافت
پیاپی 52 (پاییز 1391)

Energy has always been regarded as one of the most important needs of people. One of the main problem solving tools in the energy sector is proper utilization of re-search for technology development. Therefore, correct and prospective policy mak-ing and setting priorities for research and technology in this field is an important fac-tor to meet this basic need. In this regard, the "Energy Commission of Supreme Council on Science, Research and Technology" of Iran as the responsible institution for policy making in this area began to identify the strategic areas and then priori-tized major national projects to access the determined objectives. In this paper, we describe the methodology of prioritizing the major research and technology projects of Iran's energy sector in this commission. In this regard, on the basis of pothological studies of Iran`s energy sector and also strategic research and technology priorities in this field, the major national strategic projects is recommended by the experts. Final-ly, after determining the ranking criteria, the AHP method is used to prioritize the projects in 4 fields: Electricity and Energy, strategic and Environment, Oil and Nu-clear.

Nowadays, technology commercialization plays a unique role in the development of "National Innovation Systems" of different countries. Perhaps most of the technologies that we easily use them in our daily life were not available, if they had not been commercialized. A quick look at the performances of universities, research institutions and private firms in Iran reveals despite their capabilities in technology development, many of them have been unsuccessful in technolo-gy commercialization. One of the reasons why they have been unsuccessful is because their managers and policy makers misunderstand the concepts of technology commercializing. There-fore, we performed a systematic review in the field of technology commercialization and by looking at the results of some case studies, some strategies are proposed for establishing proper culture in the field of technology commercialization development.

Complex capital goods such as electricity power plants, locomotives and airplanes constitute the important infrastructural elements of modern economies. Although these goods originated from the developed world, some developing countries have recently entered into design and produc-tion of them as well. For instance, the evidence indicates a level of success in Iran’s electricity, transportation and aerospace sectors. However, important questions from a policy perspective remain to be answered for which we need to extend our understanding of the nature of these ca-pabilities. This paper takes a first step and proposes a conceptual framework for the study of ca-pabilities of suppliers of these goods from developing economies. The paper critically reviews two bodies of the literature, namely innovation in complex capital goods and latecomer firm theories, and borrows elements from each to construct the framework. This framework can be used in future empirical research on the subject.

Performance of a country's science and technology system plays an important role in its devel-opment in today's world. In Iran especially in recent years, much attention has been paid to the promotion of science and technology system. Since Iran's macro policies and strategies have emphasized the importance of science and technology, the "Supreme Council of Science, Re-search and Technology" gave a mission to the "Commission on Industries, Mines and Commu-nication" as one of the trustees of science and technology in Iran, to assess and compare Iran's status of science and technology with the countries of Southeast Asia, and provide guidelines to improve the status of the country.In this regard, as a first step, the overall state of science and technology of Iran and the countries in the region were investigated and then the results were compared. First, in order to derive ap-propriate indicators on the basis of national and international indicators, the most prestigious national and international indices were studied. Then a survey was conducted in two phases to derive ten indicators (input, output, and process) for the assessment of science and technology. Afterwards the statistics of the countries in the region were examined and compared with those of our country by selected indicators. This paper discusses the results of this study. The next step in the coming year, will be to evaluate and compare Iran's science and technology perfor-mance in specific fields of industry, mining, and communication with other countries in the re-gion.

In this research, we used the concept of national technology strategy which has been derived from national technology policy and technology strategy to make a new concept of national strategy research in technology. In this study, an 8-steps framework for national strategy re-search in technology was presented by investigating ICT in Iran. The main feature of this framework is covering the policy and executive issues that are important for identifying the roles and responsibilities of different institutions. This project lasted one year and by participat-ing forty researchers was implemented. In this paper, the authors have tried to present some of the achievements of the project.

Despite the fundamental and important scientific developments that have taken place in various fields of human life, one of the specific characteristics of this cen-tury is the vulnerability of society to technological threats that has created con-cerns. Therefore, many believe that science and technology are useful just when the Ethics verifies them as the common happiness. For instance, scientific pro-gresses such as sequencing of human genome nucleotides, animal or human clon-ing, stem cell researches and nano-bio technology have attracted the scientist's at-tention to increasing demand for Ethics in science. Cloning is one of the most ad-vanced achievements in medicine and genetic engineering. Creating a sheep name-ly "dally" in 1997, through a non-sexual way was not only a scientific discovery, but also its range quickly extended to political, ethical and theological issues. Since announcing the achievements of this technology, many supporting and op-posing opinions are formed. The main focus in these discussions is its ethical as-pects especially juridical and religious issues. To achieve practical and logical solutions to remove these concerns, genetic engi-neering scientists, religious scholars, jurists and lawyers should exchange ideas. In this paper, we discuss the importance of considering ethical issues in technology improvements especially in cloning, its advantages and disadvantages, the global reactions and also the opinions of scientists and religious leaders.