نشریه رهیافت
پیاپی 55 (پاییز 1392)

The increased awareness of the critical role of innovation in economic development has led many policy makers to pursue more effective and efficient policies for stimulating national innovation. Given the critical role of patent system within a national innovation system, it is of utmost importance that its shortcomings be monitored and addressed in a systematic manner. In this paper, for the first time, the performance of Iranian Patent System is evaluated in the light of some well-known functions of similar systems. In this regard, a careful analysis of Iranian IP law and patent information is performed. The analysis shows that the Iranian Patent System has been almost totally ineffective in its core functions. This weak performance, which has heavily undermined the credibility of the patent system, is not consistent with the country's progress in science and technology.

Patents are disclosure statements that contain 80 percent of the technical knowledge. Their functions go beyond the representation of an invention, they are considered as a source for citation analyses as well. Regarding this, the purpose of the current study is to review the literature of patents’ citation analyses. The research method is a descriptive one that is based on a document analysis method. The study considers the Fransis Narin’s works who is a pioneer of technometrics and the works which have a cited/citing relation with his researches. The subjective analysis of the literature reveals four main categories in this area: 1) economy and market, 2) knowledge flow, 3) citation metrics, and 4) validity and importance of citation studies. Each of these topics are divided into a number of subtopics.

Nowadays the rapid changes in customer needs have made the creation, development and utilization of intellectual property a key issue in the development of technology. In most countries, public research institutes are one of the main institutes which support technology development. However, by looking at the past achievements of these institutes in Iran, one can see that despite great capabilities in doing research, many of them have failed in documentation and management of the intellectual property. Thus, the main goal of this research is to investigate the method of intellectual property management of Iranian public research institutes and identifying their problems. Therefore, in this study, after reviewing the literature and classifying some of the concepts presented in the literature of intellectual property management, some recommendations and considerations are presented to the managers and policy makers in the area of science and technology development by examining the activities of three public research institutes that work in the field of intellectual property management in order to increase the success of the management of intellectual property at these institutes in the country.

The main purpose of this article is to present a systematic framework for formulating development policy programs in the field of science, technology and innovation. This framework which is made of three main components presents a coherent way in order to accelerate and facilitate the process of formulating development policy programs in the field of science and technology. One of the three parts of the presented framework is named "the engine of formulation "that formulates rules and programs on the basis of policy goals, policy instruments and target groups.Essential inputs are designed for this engine that act as raw materials and fuel to make real and operational the developed provisions. These inputs consist of macro and upstream documents of science and technology, the former development programs in the field of science and technology and the results of the former programs as well as the indicators of science, technology and innovation which show the current state of the country in this field.

The purpose of this research is to study the role of university reputation and halo effect on the commercialization of university research results. In addition to direct impact on access to financial and human resources, university reputation indirectly has impact (halo effect) on the institutional position of university. For example, the halo effect of credibility in the field of education and research can lead to the success of efforts for commercialization of research results.This article seeks to recognize this relationship that lead to the correct understanding of the phenomenon of the commercialization of academic research achievements. The paper concludes that the commercialization of university research results is not only due to the characteristics of technology and invention, but a function of social context in which the action occurs. In other words, the more prestigious universities are more capable to commercialize the research results, not only because of producing better technology, but also because they enjoy more reputation and prestige.

Continuous change is a fixed law in the world and in this condition, the survival of any being and natural and abstract organisms are subject to adaptability with the evolutionary conditions of the ecosystem and the peripheral environment. In the dynamic world, important sections of higher education and universities have approximately remained static in the form of conservative institutions in compare with the universities of first decades of the second half of the last century that were valid social institutions and the creditability of these institutions are declining. Nowadays according to increasing rate of change and the advent of the knowledge era, the waves of futures studies in political, social, economical and technological institutions are developed. From the past two decades, consistent with society developments, the futures study in higher education has become important and necessary to create desired future and policy making and long term planning of university system. This paper identifies conditions, contexts, requirements, consequences and features of the future excellence universities as a thinking tool about the future of higher education and university and presents a conceptual model for futures study of higher education by using the review method and analysis of some of the futures studies documents.

Science is a product of history and society and to the extent that science belongs to the work of scientists, it also belongs to the social environment. Advances in natural sciences will be accompanied by progress in social sciences and will result to the evolution of society. Countries need cultural infrastructure in every area for development. The media as the fourth pillar of the Civil Society (The Judicial, Legislative and executive) can play an important role in the formation of an appropriate culture and elimination of inappropriate culture for development that policymakers can utilize it. The media look to science should be drawn from the state of the community. What is the role and function of the media in the process of transition to a developed society with a strategic vision? In this paper, after examining the concepts of culture and civilization, we study the history of development of science and technology, then we express the required cultural policies to transfer science and technology in the social contexts and in the minds of people. After that the direct and indirect roles and functions of the media are investigated and operational solutions are provided in this field. The media, particularly the national media control the public opinions. Engaging the media with science and technology issues can help it to become popularize, so that to be converted to a public demand. The Studies show scientific disputes in society, reflection of public and specialized speaking, politicians support, advertising scientific journals, articles written in simple language and common understanding, using religious and art teachings, exhibiting the role of elite women, distribution of protesters roles, publishing unconventional ideas, films and plays have been identified as important cultural factors in the development of science and technology.As a result, if the media policy makers pay attention to these factors, it will cause the rapid advancement of technology and learning knowledge that underlie the information age and formation of knowledge- based communities. The research method is a document review research and interview with the experts.