نشریه رهیافت
پیاپی 56 (بهار 1393)

According to the Twenty-Year Vision Plan of the Islamic Republic of Iran, it is predicted that Iran will be in the first place in producing science and technology among Southwest Asian countries in 1404.Therefore, in this study self-citation impact on the ranking of 26 countries of the Southwest Asia region in the field of zoonosesis is investigated on the basis of the data of WOS. In this study scientometrics and citation analysis methods have been used. The zoonotic keywords in the fields of title and topic have been searched, and their results have been combined separately with each of the target countries. All of the analyses have been performed on the basis of the results of these searches that include 19205 articles. The main objective of this study is to investigate the influence of author self-citation on the ranking of the countries considered in 1404 Vision Plan on the basis of average citation per paper. According to the number of articles, Turkey, Israel and Iran respectively with 8397, 5595 and 3807 articles were the most prolific countries. Based on the average citation per paper, Azerbaijan, Israel and Palestine with 30.83, 18.96 and 12.14 respectively gained the first 3 ranks. Based on the rate of self-citation, Iran, Tajikistan and Turkey with 22.92, 20.51 and 19.85 respectively had the most rate of self-citation. According to the average citation per paper excluding self-citation, Azerbaijan, Israel and Palestine with 30.45, 17.21 and 12 respectively have had the three first places. Iran’s rank was relatively well in terms of number of papers in the region. But, in spite of the significant increase in the number of Iranian articles in recent years, Iran still doesnt have a proper position. Approximately, Iran’s rank is almost always lower than the other countries on the basis of average citations per paper. Most of the countries that don’t have a good position based on the average citations per paper have high self-citation rate. But the rank of some of the countries, including Iran did not change before and after the removal of self-citation. Thus, self-citation isn’t a good way to improve the position of Iran on the basis of average citation per paper. Countries including Iran that are not in a good condition in terms of average citations per paper, are proposed to publish their papers in journals with higher impact factors in order to increase their citation per paper, instead of more self-citation.

Higher education introduces a type of investment in human resources that helps to sustainable development by providing and promoting science, technology, creativity and expertise. Also, higher education promotes science and creates new knowledge by basic and applied researches. In the recent decade, much attention has been paid to the sustainable scientific development in Iran.Centers of excellence are established with the aim of collecting and organizing capable faculty members to develop science frontiers and sustainable development of science and technology in universities. Considering the aims of establishing centers of excellence, Continuous evaluation of these centers is important and useful by defined indicators. In this paper, a new model is developed to evaluate the performance of the centers of excellence and as a case study is applied to the centers of excellence of Amirkabir University of Technology. One of the results of this evaluation can be used for identification of useful and effective activities of centers of excellent and is suitable for guiding them to a right position. Furthermore, determining and using an indicator can result in comparison and competition between different centers so that serious measures can be done about them; to direct and better support of them or eliminating the centers that have weak performance.

This article discusses the methodological foundations and the practical applications of the indicators based on the Frascati Manual for allocating research resources, it also studies the historical evolution and development of this manual since its formation in the 1960’s. More recent developments will also be put into consideration and some of the initiatives and propositions concerning better methodologies and more comprehensive indicators will be introduced. Throughout the discussion, we will observe that in the recent years, some kind of methodological shifts have been occurred from classical indicators which were based on input/output emphasizing on the measurement of efficiency and the impact of research towards the more recent positioning indicators which seek to position the actors in the national systems of innovation and to recognize the links and flows of resources among them.

One of the main functions of the Supreme Council of Science, Research& Technology is to approve the macro National Projects of Science& Technology. With regard to wide range of these projects, they can improve their own areas. This paper examines the most important measures of policy making and approval of macro national projects of science and technology by two ways: first, comparative study of USA, Japan, Canada, and China. Second, conducting interview with some Science & Technology Experts. The Studies show that criteria of close cooperation of institutions and organizations in the project, focus on superior& key technologies, aligning with macro national projects’ targets and priorities, scientific& non-scientific interests of the society, long-term performance, high budget, and attention to commercializing the results are the most important criteria that must be considered by the Supreme Council of Science, Research& Technology in order to approve the Macro National Projects of Science& Technology.

The aim of this survey is to identify Iranian authors’ motivations for publishing their articles in the blacklist journals of Iran’s Ministry of Science, Research and Technology. An online questionnaire was completed by one hundred and two authors who have published a paper in one of the 251 blacklist journals in 2013. The results show that the most important motivations for publishing in those journals are: improving resume, collecting points for promotion, and getting permission for viva. The average age of the authors was about 38 years and they have paid about 350 USD for publishing their articles. The main criterion for trusting to these journals was the journals’ claim for being indexed in the prestigious databases as well as fast peer review and publication process. Most of the authors became familiar with the journals through recommendations of their friends, colleagues and supervisors. The article shows the economic aspect of the publication of these articles and it also shows the low level of knowledge of Iranian authors about credibility of the journals.

Today, the definite urbanization of the world's population and the advance of technology, development of communication and the increased production of knowledge and its related streams across the world, as well as introducing knowledge as the new stimulating force for economic drive and advantages are all indicative of the significance of the role that knowledge plays in the urban life. City is a place where knowledge takes shape, transfers between individuals through certain processes, recreates some processes itself, and eventually is developed and continues its process of evolution all over the world. Hence, the fields of knowledge management and knowledge-based economy address categories such as knowledge management in the large and complex organization of "the knowledge -based city" and focus more on the role of intellectual capital rather than physical capital in economic growth, and provide a chart of their desired utopia.This study defines the features of a knowledge-based city through descriptive and content analysis method and on the basis of documentary studies. Therefore, first it investigates the concept of knowledge and its related features. Then, it deals with features of a "knowledge-based city" from the perspectives of "knowledge management", "knowledge- based economy", and "citizen's experiences". Finally, it provides strategies for planning and designing a knowledge-based city using different viewpoints, which will provide the necessary foundations for creating such cities. Thus, "a knowledge-based city" is a city with a tolerant and democratic community that has knowledge-sharing culture, innovative and knowledge-based economy, accessible innovation engines, good infrastructures and access to information networks, clear and participatory management, because it is realized on the basis of citizen's will and interactions.

Setting a model for evaluating and optimizing the current state of science, is the way that must be passed for reforming and meeting the needs and problems of the society. Because it is not possible for the Islamic Republic of Iran to plan on the basis of the western model (due to its inconsistency with the value system of Islam) the current methods cannot be receptive to the value system of Islam. According to many researchers, these disorders are due to the lack of insight on the basis of the hierarchy of sciences which is seen today in the traditional system of Islamic education. Hence the need to create a plan on the basis of religious thinking is clear, but on the other hand, relying on the old scheme does not work because each one has shortcomings. These categories, more than anything else are based on the thoughts of scholars and sometimes are influenced by the history of science, cultural and social events, etc. and each classification is based on theoretical and logical-philosophical foundation and therefore is on the basis of a certain philosophical school. But because the classification of sciences requires preliminary actions, in this paper we explore the nature, history, necessity, purpose, types, principles and patterns of classification to provide the conditions for new schemes in the field of classification of sciences.