نشریه رهیافت
پیاپی 62 (تابستان 1395)

Creating linkages between academic and industrial sectors is one of the most important concerns in innovative policy-making within the framework of national innovation system in different developed and developing countries and the role of universities in management and planning of the countries is changing.The first generation universities’ main objective was established based on direct instruction. The objective of second generation universities (currently) is changed to research-based education and training for performing research. In the third generation universities, along with training of human resources to create science and develop technology in order to resolve common issues and problems, entrepreneurship and wealth creation will be also included in their aims and plans. In addition to the duties of the third generation universities, the fourth generation universities should move toward creative and innovative education and creativity and innovation. In the early twentieth century, engineering education programs mostly had provided students with practical skills and experiences. But with advances in science and development in technical knowledge and creation of analytical and computational methods and the employment of fast and accurate computational tools, engineering education has tend toward engineering sciences. Since the 1990s, some changes on the path of optimizing the processes and reducing production costs have been occurred. Since the advancement of science and technology and globalization of engineering education, correspond with international developments, the continuous revision of objectives, structures and modern methods of engineering education system tailored to the needs of the country, more and more has become a matter of necessity. First, the paper discusses the definitions and status and global standing of Iran in the area of technology. Subsequently, it reviews the required courses in order to train human resources for technology development in the country. Afterward, by studying and reviewing the undergraduate and postgraduate programs curricula in five selected and more effective engineering majors including Mechanical Engineering, Electrical Engineering, Industrial Engineering, Chemical Engineering and Polymer Engineering as a case study and sample and to empower engineering students, the current shortcomings will be discussed.The next part studies the undergraduate, graduate and interdisciplinary majors which are more related to the area of technology. Afterward, the paper discusses the more effective options to amplify the linkages between university and industrial sectors in order to enrich the technology training in the engineering majors. At last, boosting the ability of faculty members in the development of technology will be discussed.

The aim of this research is to study the available resources in order to commercialize academic research achievements from the perspective of resource-based approach and answering this question that among the known intra-organizational resources which one is available to commercialize academic activities. The importance of the study is due to the fact that the early attempts to commercialize academic activities are always facing crises in terms of decision-making linked to providing resources. So possessing knowledge about the relationship between resources and their roles in the success of commercialization of academic researches is vital. This paper seeks to identify the relationship which leads to more accurate understanding of commercialization of academic research achievements. therefore, by means of relevant existing literature in the area of academic commercialization and a resource-based approach and through a meta-synthesis research methodology, the research concludes that the scholarly record and experience in academic commercialization activity, academic majors such as Life Sciences and Engineering programs (which leads to more market-oriented behaviors), faculty members research quality, total funding of academic research, rate of industry-funded researches, financial support from university, quality and quantity of human resources, Technology Transfer Office, services provided by incubator of the university will result in more commercialized activities and commercialized outputs that influences the current academic commercialization activities. On the other hand, access to technical and human resources (which are considered as the main and vital resources of intellectual property-oriented and university services companies) and shortage of enterprise resources in academia (which is considered as the main resource of product-oriented companies’ activities) can explain the success of intellectual property-oriented university services companies the failure of product-oriented types.

There are several models of innovation from the perspective of various experts. These models, which are sometimes referred to as generation of innovation models are divided into two chief categories: linear models of innovation and systemic models. One approach to innovation from the perspective of systemic approaches is the national innovation system model. In the present paper, in order to explain the Iran’s national innovation system’s weaknesses, at first, we define the innovation systems and the linked features and then its functions will be discussed. Afterward, the paper enumerates Iran’s national innovation system’s weaknesses with a functionalist approach. Finally, it will provide a framework to identify the defects which lead to these weaknesses.

Utilizing the institutional mapping approach in innovation system studies, in addition to identifying institutional weaknesses and gaps of the systems, provides a beneficial tool for policy learning. the purpose of this paper is to study the concepts, approaches and various methods of institutional mapping which are used in innovation system studies. To attain this purpose, first, we review the researches which are performed by means of institutional mapping method and then we will analyze the methods which are used in these researches. The findings of the study indicate that in the majority of studies, which were performed by means of institutional mapping approach, there are three methods used in representing the institutional mapping of national innovation system. The first method which has been used by the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) applies the national innovation system’s functions. The second one, the Carpon, Cincera and Bikar method which uses quad-matrices of “objectives-instruments”, “institutions-instruments”, “institutional interactions” and “objective-institution”. The third method acts by combining the national innovation system’s functions with the before-mentioned matrixes, particularly the “institutions-instruments” matrix. Also in some researches, the both methods have been applied. We believe that determining a precise institutional mapping method can be initialized through enumerating the national innovation system’s functions and finally can be accomplished by explicating the objectives, instruments and institutional interactions.

Recently, the concept of living lab is considered as one of the important issues related to the subject of open innovation. Since the innovation, there’s a growing interest among the users about taking part in open innovation development processes. The utilization of living lab is one of the ways to structure and manage these partnerships in the research and development processes. Since the living lab in various areas such as information and communication technology development, health services and rural development is relatively a new phenomenon, so it is a difficult concept to describe. Currently, the topic of the living lab in the area of open innovation is facing with the lack of a common understanding. This paper presents a systematic review of the concept of living lab in order to provide a thorough understanding of this topic and its capacities for innovation and development. The results indicate that possessing precise knowledge about living lab and utilization of it can improve production and the linkages between academic, industrial and public sectors which will ultimately lead to the improvement of the country’s overall economy.

In the past, open innovation paradigm has been studied widely from the perspective of manufacturing businesses, while the service businesses despite their dominant role in the development of economy have received much less attention. The present paper focuses on open service innovation as a subcategory of economy and also as a part of manufacturing companies’ activities. In this respect, companies that adapt the open innovation model include a set of special activities and technologies to facilitate their internal and external resources of knowledge. Cleveland and et al. in their proposed model have introduced aspects of open service innovation practices which have a direct impact on the flow of knowledge. In this model they also discuss the capabilities of information and communication technology variables and those mediator variables which possess the capability to moderate these impacts. Considering this model as a basis for this research, the paper discusses the dimensions of open service innovation and the capabilities of information and communication technology. Finally, it provides a model to explain the link between these variables in service companies.

This paper attempts to discuss the Merton’s theoretical approach toward the sociology of science. First the paper discusses the issue and objectives of research and afterward his intellectual dimensions and layers on the sociology of science particularly the ethics of science are presented. Based on Merton’s functionalism approach the science is considered as an institute or subsystem which interacts with other social and cultural institutions or subsystems in the society. In this respect, he explores the institutions and conditions which deal with the creation of science and analyzes these conditions in terms of external and internal aspects of science. With an emphasis on the ethics of science, he considers it as a complex set of principles and norms which are linked to the scientist. Since these norms possess instructional values, therefore, they are considered legitimate. He calls them, the institutional requirements. According to Merton the sociology of science is a medium-range approach. With an emphasis on this belief, he avoids the macro-epistemology of philosophy of science and micro-thinking regarding the history of scientific thinking. This paper is based on the scientific books and resources which are written by Merton or the scientists who have been influenced by him.