مجله طب جنوب
سال نوزدهم شماره 4 (مهر و آبان 1395)

Busulfan is a chemotherapy medicine for treatment of cancer. This medicine has cytotoxic effects on different organs of animal. Since the use of chemotherapy medicine are increasing due to individuals get involved to cancer, thus preserving of reproductive system in these patients is essential to continue fertility.
In present study the testis of mice were injected with different doses of busulfan (35, 40 mg/kg body weight intraperitonealy. The effects of busulfan was examinned on destruction of testis tissue, semen parameters and catalase enzymatic activity compared with control group after 30 days. Finally, fter determining the effective dose of busulfan, Vitamin E was injected to the mice as an antioxidant enzyme and its effects on semen parameters and testis tissue was examined after one month.
The results showed that oxidative stress was increased in busulfan-treated mice during 30 days. Catalase enzymatic activity decreased significantly in testis of Busulfan-treated mice in comparison with control group. A significant decrease of sperm number was observed according to treatment by Busulfan. After finding the most damaging dose of busulfan (40 mg/kg ) in destruction of testis tissue, these mice were injected by vitamine E. The results showed that the oxidative stress and percentage of abnormal sperm were decreased in Busulfan-treated mice that exposed a dose of 100 mg/kg vitamin E. The number of sperm and antioxidant activity of catalase was increased.
Vitamin E improves a revival of spermatogenesis and improves testicular parameters in these patients.

Licorice (Glycyrrhiza glabra L., Fabaceae) is a well-known herb that it used in traditional medicine due to pharmacological activities. Licorice in herbal medicine is used as a tonic, expectorant and demulcent factor. This plant has antioxidant, immunostimulant, anti-allergenic and anti-ulcer activities. The aim of present study was to, comparisons of effect of ethanol extracts licorice root with glibenclamide on activity of liver enzymes in normal and alloxan-induced diabetic rats.
In the present study, oral administration of licorice extract (50, 200 and 400 mg/kg per body wt.) and glibenclamide (600 µg/kg) were performed as the standard antidiabetic medicine, during 30 days. Then, the activity of aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and alanine aminotransferase (ALT) in normal and diabetic rats were evaluated. Data were analyzed by using SPSS-10 software and the ANOVA test was used.
Oral administrations of licorice extract significantly decreased activity of AST and ALT in serum of diabetic rats but not in normal rats. The licorice extract as same as glibenclamide significantly decreased activity of liver enzymes.
It is concluded that the licorice can be considered as a suitable candidate for future studies on diabetes mellitus.

Multidrug resistance is emerging among gram negative bacteria that cause hospital infections or community acquired around the world. The aims of this study were (1) determination of antibiotic susceptibility profile of Enterobacter spp. isolates recovered from blood, (2) phenotypic identification of ESBL and AmpC-producing isolates, (3) identify MDR strains, and (4) identification isolates harboring blaSHV gene using PCR method.
In this cross-sectional study, 90 isolates of Enterobacter spp. isolated from blood stream infection from patients admitted to hospitals in Shiraz using BACTEC 9240 automated system during 10 years (2004-2014). The isolates again were identified by using embedded biochemical tests in the Enterobacteriaceae API-20E diagnostic system. According to proposed protocol by CLSI (2014), standard disc diffusion method and DDST phenotypic test were used for antibiotic susceptibility test, and identification of ESBL-producing strains, respectively. PCR molecular method was used to identify blaSHV gene in strains.
In this study, as observed, meropenem (98.9%), imipenem (95.6%) and colistin (93.3%) were the most effective antibiotics against isolates. Isolates showed the best response to ceftazidime (47.8%) and ceftriaxone (42.2%), respectively, among the third generation of cephalosporins which were investigated. Results showed that 11.1% of isolates were MDR. 15.5% isolates were positive ESBL and positive AmpC, simultaneously. As revealed, 11.1% of isolates were MDR. The results of PCR to search for blaSHV gene in Enterobacter isolates revealed that 7.8% of the strains harboring this gene.
Results showed that the resistance of Enterobacter isolates to the third generation of cephalosporins has become a national health-threatening problem. Epidemiologic studies are crucial in order to presentation of comprehensive national program to preventing emergence and dissemination of resistant bacteria in the country. We believe that carbapenems should be used for the treatment of strains resistant to other antibiotics in order to preservation of carbapenems as strategies for the treatment of Enterobacter spp.

Sea foods contain high level of unsaturated fatty acids. The aim of this study is comparison of ώ3 and ώ6 levels in wild and farmed green tiger shrimp (P.semisulcatus).
in this study 120 shrimps (wild=60 and farmed=60) selected. Analysis of Fatty acids was performed by Gas Chromatography. Two-factor variance difference analysis used for demonstration the effects of main factor (sex and environment) and their interactions.
Three fatty acids included linoleic, Decosahexaenoic (DHA) and eicosapentaenoic (EPA) were the most dominant fatty acids in the wild and farmed species. Among ώ6 fatty acids, the farmed shrimp contained a higher level of linoleic acids (P>0.05) whereas in ώ3 fatty acids, eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and eicosathereanoic acid were significantly higher in wild shrimps. The n-3/n-6 fatty acids ratio was similar in two groups. The comparison of DHA/EPA ratio did not show difference between wild and farmed shrimps and this ratio was affected by sex.
Comparison between two groups showed that the concentration of fatty acids is relatively to each other in wild and farmed shrimp.

The main objective of this study is the Predictive role of personality traits with mediation of affective control in conjunction with Irritable Bowel Syndrome (ABS) among the students of Bushehr University of Medical Sciences (2013-2014)
This research is co relational studies with sample size of 384 (252 females and 132 males) who were selected by stratified random sampling method among the students of Bushehr University of Medical Sciences. In this study, NEO questionnaire by McCrae and Costa (1989), affective control scale by Williams Chambless (1997) and IBS scale by researchers (1992) was used. For analyzing the data, structural equation modeling with AMOS statistical software program were applied.
The study results showed that extroversion variables (p>0.015), agreeableness (P>0.0001), Neurotic (P>0.0001) has significant effect on affective control, and variable of affective control (P>0.01) has significant effect on Irritable Bowel Syndrome (IBS). In this research it is found that extraversion (-0.14), agreeableness (-0.07), and Neurotic (0.13) has indirectly significant effect on IBS, while among five personality traits only Neurotic (0.12) has significant effect on IBS.
Based on the obtained results of this study it can be expressed that among the personality traits only Neurotic has significant effect on IBS either with the mediation of personality traits or without mediation of this variable. Also personality traits of extroversion and agreeableness were able to affect the IBS patients with the mediation of affective control (indirectly).In contrast other personality traits under this study had no effect on Irritable Bowel Syndrome.

In coastal cities, wastewater discharge into the sea is one of the options for sewage disposal that in case of non-compliance with health standards in wastewater disposal will be led to the spread of infection and disease. On the other hand, water resources preservation and using them efficiently are the principles of sustainable development of each country. This study was aimed to investigate the contamination of discharged runoff from the surface water disposal channels of Bushehr city in 2012 - 13.
In this study, Sampling was conducted by composite sampling method from output of the five main surface water disposal channels leading to the Persian Gulf located in the coastal region of Bushehr city during two seasons including wet (winter) and dry (summer) in 2012- 13. Then, experimental tests of BOD5, total coliform and fecal coliform were done on any of the 96 samples according to the standard method.
Analysis of the data showed that the BOD5, total coliform and fecal coliform of effluent runoff of the channels were more than the national standard output of disposal wastewaters into the surface waters, and the highest and lowest amount of BOD5 which obtained were 160 mg/L and 28 mg/L, respectively.
considering the fact that discharged runoff from surface water disposal channels link from shoreline to sea in close distance and they often are as natural swimming sites and even fishing sites of Bushehr city, and also according to high level of organic and bacterial load of these channels, it is urgently required to be considered by the authorities.

Diversity in Proximal Femur Geometric Parameters (PFGPs) will be led to frequency changes in hip fractures. The purpose of the present study is to investigate of the relation between Bone Mineral Density (BMD) in proximal femur with Neck Shaft Angle (NSA) in both of osteoporotic and normal groups among old postmenopausal women in eastern part of Mazandaran province as a appropriate indicator to predict hip fractures occurance.
Among 5103 postmenopausal women reffered to bone densitometry center, for 221 postmenopausal women who had inclusion criteria to this study, simultaneously by using densitometry system and completing a standard questionnaire, history of disease and demographic information including body mass index (BMI) were recorded for each patient. Obtained information from densitometers was analyzed by the statistical software SPSS version 16 and Pearson correlation coefficient test was used.
Geometric parameters of 221 post-menopausal women aged 50 to 60 were analyzed. The mean of neck shaft angle (NSA) were recorded for osteoporotic group 121.55 and for control group 121.44. Pearson correlation coefficient t-test results showed a negative significant correlation between mineral density in the femoral neck in osteoporotic group and NSA (P according to the findings of this study, NSA is effective in predicting of the proximal femur BMD in osteoporotic group.

Sulfur dioxide is one of the important pollutants that at the present time cause irreparable damage to environment and human health. The aim of present study was to study and comparison the effects of SO2 on respiratory and cardiovascular deaths in Bushehr city.
This analytical study was conducted in Bushehr city during 2011. In the first stage data were collected from Bushehr department of the environment. The concentration of SO2 was measured by using BUBK portable device. After processing data by EXCEL software, data were converted as input file to the model and health effects of SO2 pollutant were measured by using statistical analysis and the World Health Organization model (Air Q model).
The results showed that concentration of SO2 pollutant with an annual average was 44 µg/m3 in Bushehr city. In the study area, increasing the concentration of sulfur dioxide per 10 µg/m3 than before values increased risk of cardiovascular death (0.8%) and respiratory deaths (1%).
The local comparison results showed that the number of respiratory and cardiac cases death which is attributable to the sulfur dioxide pollutant has been low in Bushehr city health endpoint can result due to continued and this situation could be justified by the low concentration of sulfur dioxide in the air of Bushehr city.

Ovarian reserve tests have appeared as important, useful and new tools in evaluation of infertile women and by doing these tests, we can do for infertile couples advanced and necessary measures quickly. The goal of this study was to investigate the association between ovarian volume, Antral follicle counts and serum level of FSH at the third day of menstruation.
Material and This study was conducted on 78 women between 18-49 years old who referred to Omid Persian gulf infertility Clinic with complaining of infertility in 2014. In patients who had inclusion criteria, measurement of ovarian volume were done with calculation of three diameters and the number of antral follicles by using vaginal ultrasound in third day of menstruation. Also, in this patients were measured the levels of FSH&LH in third day of menstruation. Pearson correlation coefficient were used to examine the relationship between ovarian volume and the number of Antral follicles and serum levels.
ovarian volume and Antral follicle counts (p=0.0001) decreased and serum level of FSH (p=0.0001) and LH (p=0,022) increased significantly with increasing of age. There was a strong positive correlation between ovarian volume and Antral follicle counts (r=0.96, p=0.0001) and there was a strong reversed correlation between ovarian volume and Antral follicle counts with FSH (r=0.50, p=0.0001).
By increasing age, ovarian volume and Antral follicle counts decreased and FSH&LH levels increased. In fact, in the initial study of infertile patients, even by diagnosis of reduction in ovarian volume and Antral follicle count should be performed advanced therapies and there is no need to wait for expensive tests result.

Induction of labor is one of the most common obstetric interventions. This study peruses Bishop Score value and maternal and fetal characteristics to prediction of successful induction.
in this prospective cross-sectional study, 271 full-term pregnant women reffered to Persian Gulf Martyrs’ hospital for deliveryin 2013.They consecutively entered into the study with convenience sampling method until sample size was completed. The effect of components and total Bishop Score were evaluated on success of induction. Bishop score was used to determine vaginal examination by finger. Data were analyzed by using SPSS statistical software version 18 and statistical tests including chi square, independent sample t test and ROC curve was used.
Of 271 women, in 180 of them, delivery started by induction. At induced group 78.9 percent had vaginal delivery and 21.1 percent had cesarean section. The important component of Bishop Score in prediction of successful delivery induction was cervical dilatation. Bishop Score sensitivity was 52.8 percentfor diagnosis of normal vaginal delivery, Positive predictive value was 90.4 percent and its negative predictive value was 30.9 percent. ROC curve showed that overall accuracy of Bishop Score was more than 6 for normal vaginal delivery (95% confidence interval= 0.59-0.78, P value=0.0001).
The findings of this study showed that Bishop Score of 6 and more parity and gestational age was effective in prediction of successful delivery induction. And it seems that Bishop Score, particularly cervical dilatation is an appropriate index for prediction of successful delivery by induction.

Migraine is a common debilitating headache with current head pain attacks which associated with temporal changes of head blood vessels diameter and has been classified into two main categories, migraine with aura (MA) and migraine without aura (MO) by the International criteria for Headache Society (IHS). This study was performed with the aim of studying the association of COX-2-1195A →G gene polymorphism, risk of migraine susceptibility and it’s relation with parent marriage type in two control and case groups.
Genomic DNA of blood samples was purified from 100 migraine cases and 100 controls in this study. By using the appropriative COX-2-1195A→G (rs89466) primer and Pvu II restriction enzyme in PCR- RFLP manner the expected region of subject’s COX-2 gene was amplified and digested.
After analysising the data with SPSS twentieth version software, it was observed that frequency of COX-2-1195 GG and COX-2-1195 AG genotypes carriers in patients were higher than in the controls (9 percent and 41 percent in migraine cases, 5 percent and 24 percent in controls respectively; (P>0.010)), also it was specificated that frequences of mentioned genotypes has been significantly higher in patients with relative parent than in control group (8.1 percent and 48.6 percent in cases with relative parent, 5 percent and 24 percent in controls respectively; (P>0.011)).
Regarding high frequency of polymorph allele (G) in between patients with consanguineous parents, it can be resulted that consanguineous marriage increase the risk of this allele incidence and migraine outbreak. So, further studies with larger sample groups are needed on different nations of other regions to achieve better results about genetic of migraine, especially COX-2 gene.

Fluoride in low concentrations is useful for human health. However, high concentrations of this substance is associated with problems such as fluorosis and Alzheimers. Adsorption is efficient technique in removal of this pollutant. The aim of this study was to extraction and optimization of Chitosan as a natural biosorbent in fluoride removal.
In present study, magnetized chitosan-iron oxide nano particles was prepared by co-precipitation method and its characteristics were determined by SEM, XRD, TEM and FTIR analyzes. Subsequently, the effect of magnetized chitosan was assessed as an adsorbent in fluoride removal from water solution in the batch system with considering various parameters included pH, contact time, adsorbent dosage, initial Fluoride concentration and solution temperature. The Langmuir and Freundlich isotherm models and pseudo first-order and pseudo second-order kinetics were used to examine experimental data.
The results showed that the Fluoride adsorption have followed Langmuir (R2>0.982) and kinetic model of pseudo second-order (R2>0.931). The maximum adsorption capacity of Fluoride was 22.756 mg/g at optimized condition, pH 50 adsorbent dose of 1g/L at 500C. Investigation of thermodynamically parameters and positive value of ΔH0 indicatethat this process was endothermic.
Generally, we can report that t he magnetic chitosan was used as a useful sorbent for the removal of pollutants from water and wastewater due to advantages such as easy and rapid separation from solution and high removal efficiency.

Sea snakes belong to Hydrophiidae family mainly are found in tropical and subtropical waters of the world including the Persian Gulf. Their highly lethal venoms are more potent than snakes with terrestrial origin and contain complex mixtures of organic and inorganic bioactive substances, such as enzyme, and non-enzymatic proteins. There were limited studies on the venoms and toxins of sea snake; hence, the aim of this systematic review was to investigate the toxinological dimensions of sea snakes.
In order to investigate of the toxins of sea snakes, the “Hydrophis schistosus toxin", "Hydrophis cyanocinctus toxin", " Hydrophis lapemoides toxin", "Hydrophis spiralis toxin", and "Lapemis curtus toxin " terms were searched separately, in "PubMed database", in 10/08/2016 which obtained 32, 9, 2, 2 and 4 papers, respectively. The "Hydrophis gracilis toxin" term had no any results. For the “Hydrophis gracilis" term, two studies were obtained. The first one related to the sea snakes phylogenetic characteristics and the second one shared with other search results and well-connected with the issue. Some papers were similar in different searches. Of these, those studies were selected that had direct relevance to the subject .
The main isolated toxins from different sea snakes venoms included three-finger toxin (3FTx (short chain neurotoxins isoforms: AAL54893, AAL54892, ABN54806; long chain neurotoxins isoforms: AAL54894, AAL54895, P68416 , ABN54805), pelamitoxin (P62388), phospholipase A2 (both the basic and acidic PLA2), two phospholipases A2 (PLA2-H1 and H2), cysteine-rich secretory protein (CRISP), snake venom Zn2+metalloproteinase (SVMP), L-amino acid oxidase (LAAO), 5′-nucleotidase, Hydrophitoxins a, b and c, Hydrophis ornatus a, Hydrophis lapemoides a, PDGF and α- neurotoxins of rSN311, rSN316 and rSN285. Each toxin and protein family presents a wide range of pharmacological activities. Some of these neurotoxins were linked to acetylcholine receptors in the neuromuscular junctions. These toxins showed protease (gelatinase and caseinase) activities, and/or they produce the myonecrosis and biochemical and histopathological changes.
There is scant variability in the venom composition in the same and different species of sea snakes. Our study revealed that there is a rather simple venom profile with an affinity towards a lethal mixture of high abundance of neurotoxins and PLA2s, and lower amounts of toxins such as CRISP, SVMP and LAAO.

The sea urchins are classified in the echinoderms category because of their spiny skin. Saponins are the major responsible metabolites for Echinodermata biological activities . As mentioned before, about 80 species of sea urchins are venomous for human. Their spine, pedicellariae, and some other organs such as gonads and coelomic fluids contain different toxins and bioactive compounds. This review study have evaluated toxinology and bioactive compounds from the extracts, and treatment management of these venomous animals.
Contractin A, echinochrome A, echinometrin, major yolk protein (MYP), centrocins (I, II(, cathepsin B/X, strongylostatins (I,II), vitellogenin, UT841 toxin, spinochrome, and pedoxin as the prosthetic group of peditoxin are the most important compounds obtained from these animals.
Some people show poisoning symptoms following the ingestion of sea urchin gonads, especially during the breeding season. Some of these symptoms included allergies symptoms, as the first symptoms, nausea, diarrhea, vomiting, epigastric distress, severe headache, swelling of the lips and mouth, salivation, abdominal pain and some systemic symptoms such as hypotension, numbness and weakness. The most injuries by sea urchin can cause by contact to spines, which can create the various complications such as granuloma, synovitis, arthritis, edema, hyperkeratosis and even neuroma. Injuries by pedicellaria may cause severe pain, local edema, bleeding, lethargy, weakness, tingling, joint pain, aphonia, dizziness, syncope, general muscle paralysis, respiratory distress, hypotension and, infrequently death. After the injury by sea urchin, removing the spines and pedicellariae should be done to minimize the contact with the venom source, and subsequently the management of wounds and poisoning symptoms, as quickly as possible.
The venoms of some sea urchins have toxins and bioactive molecules that produce toxicity effects on their victims by a variety of mechanisms. Despite the various studies in toxinology field, on these animals, the comprehensive studies that led to the identification of pure toxins from their crude venoms are handful and unfinished and it is important to do further studies on this field, in the future.

Stingrays belong to Chondrichthyes class.They live in freshwaters and oceans all over the world. They have venomous spines next to the root of the tail. Their barbed stingers covered with secretory cells that cause a large number of serious human injuries. In this review, we evaluate the toxinology of these venomous animals.
Some of inoculated venom symptoms included the immediate and intense pain, inflammation and skin necrosis, bleeding wounds, acute edema, salivation, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, fever, headaches, muscle cramps, tremors, paralysis, dyspnea, cardiovascular collapse, local vasoconstriction, seizures, coma, and rarely death. The venom contains 5-HT, 5-nucleotidase, acetylcholine , phosphodiesterase, proteolytic enzymes against casein, gelatin, and fibrinogen, and several toxins such as cystatins, galectin, peroxiredoxin 6, orpotrin and porflan, and other peptids and proteins including alpha subunit haemoglobin, ganglioside GM2 activator, glutathione s-transferase µ, leukocyte elastase inhibitor, transaldolase, ATP synthase, nucleoside diphosphate kinase and type III intermediate filament. Galectin has a diverse functions including anticoagulant, procoagulant, platelet-modulating, myotoxic and haemagglutination activities. Cystatins are potent inhibitors of cysteine proteinases, including papain and the cathepsins. Hydrolysis of lipids through PLA2 activity is one of the most important functions of peroxiredoxin-6. Orpotrin and porflan have vasoconstrictive and inflammatory effects, respectively.
Stingray venoms have different toxins and bioactive molecules with diverse mechanisms of toxicities. A thorough understanding of the toxicities mechanisms and clinical manifestations of stingrays’ venoms will provide the ability to treat effectively and manage injuries with this animals by clinicians and toxinologists.