فهرست مطالب

Iranian Journal of Basic Medical Sciences
Volume:17 Issue: 3, Mar 2014

  • تاریخ انتشار: 1393/01/26
  • تعداد عناوین: 13
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  • Bizhan Malaekeh-Nikouei Page 149
  • Farzad Aala, Umi Kalsom Yusuf, Rosimah Nulit, Sassan Rezaie* Pages 150-154
    Objective(s)
    Trichophyton rubrum (T. rubrum) is one of the most common dermatophytes worldwide. This fungus invaded skin appendages of humans and animals. Recently, resistance to antifungal drugs as well as appearance of side effects due to indication of these kinds of antibiotics has been reported. Besides, using some plant extracts have been indicated in herbal medicine as an alternative treatment of these fungal infections. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of Garlic (Allium sativum) and pure allicin on the growth of hypha in T. rubrum using Electron miscroscopy.
    Materials And Methods
    This study was carried out to observe the morphological changes of T. rubrum treated with allicin as well as aqueous garlic extract using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM).
    Results
    SEM surveys, showed that hypha treated with allicin has rough and granular like surface, abnormal and irregularly-shape. However, hypha treated with garlic extract had rough and fluffy surface and also irregularly-shape. TEM studies also found that hypha treated with allicin displays disintegration of cytoplasm, breaking down in cell membrane and the cell wall, and collapsing of hypha, meanwhile hypha treated with garlic extract exhibiting degradation and dissolution of cytoplasm components, demolition of cell wall and cell membrane, and hypha appeared to break.
    Conclusion
    The present study revealed that pure allicin (6.25 µg/ml and 12.5 µg/ml) is more efficient in inhibition of the growth in hyphal cells compare to the garlic extract (2 mg/ml and 4 mg/ml) and they could be used as alternatives in treatment of dermatophytosis.
    Keywords: Allicin, Dermatophytosis, Electron microscopy, Garlic (allium sativum) extract, Trichophyton rubrum
  • Soraya Ghafari, Mohammad Jafar Golalipour Pages 155-161
    Objective(s)
    This study was carried out to evaluate the effect of maternal morphine exposure during gestational and lactation period on pyramidal neurons of hippocampus in 18 and 32 day mice offspring.
    Materials And Methods
    Thirty female mice were randomly allocated into cases and controls. In case group, animals received morphinesulfate 10 mg/kg.body weight intraperitoneally during 7 days before mating, gestational period (GD 0-21), 18 and 32 days after delivery in the experimental groups. The control animals received an equivalent volume of normal saline. Cerebrum of six offsprings in each group was removed and stained with cresyl violet and a monoclonal antibody NeuN for immunohistochemical detection of surviving pyramidal neurons. Quantitative computer-assisted morphometric study was done on hippocampus.
    Results
    The number of pyramidal neurons in CA1, CA2 and CA3 in treated groups was significantly reduced in postnatal day 18 and 32 (P18, P32) compared to control groups (P<0.05). The mean thickness of the stratum pyramidal layer was decreased in the treated groups in comparison with controls (P<0.05), whereas the mean thickness of the stratum oriens, stratum radiatum and stratum lacunosum-moleculare in CA1 field and stratum oriens, stratum lucidum, stratum radiatum and stratum lacunosum-moleculare in CA3 were significantly increased in morphine treated group in comparison with controls (P<0.05).
    Conclusion
    Morphine administration before and during pregnancy and during lactation period causes pyramidal neurons loss in 18 and 32 days old infant mice.
    Keywords: CA1, CA2, CA3, Hippocampus, Morphine sulfate, Mouse, Pyramidal cells
  • Abbass Ghanbari-Niaki*, Navabeh Zare Kookandeh, Asghar Zare Kookandeh Pages 162-171
    Objective(s)
    ABC transporters comprise a large family of transmembrane proteins that use the energy provided by ATP hydrolysis to translocate a variety of substrates across biological membranes. All members of the human ABCG subfamily, except for ABCG2, are cholesterol-transporter. The aim of this study was to determine the liver, the small intestine and kidney ABCG5 relative gene expression in response to treadmill-running training in female rats.
    Materials And Methods
    Twenty Wistar rats (6-8 weeks old and 125-135 g weight) were used. Animals were randomly assigned to saline-control (SC), saline-training (ST), and Baneh-control (BC), and Baneh-training (BT) groups. Training groups did the exercise on a motor-driven treadmill at 25 m/min (0% grade) for 60 min/day for eight weeks (5 days/week). Rats were fed orally, with Baneh extraction and saline for six weeks. The two-way ANOVA was employed for statistical analysis. ABCG5 relative gene expression was detected by Real-time PCR method.
    Results
    The current findings indicate that the Baneh-treated tissues had significantly lower levels of ABCG5 gene expression in the liver, small intestine, and kidneys (P< 0.001, P< 0.003, P< 0.001, respectively), when compared with saline-treated tissues. However, a higher level of gene expression was observed in exercise groups. A lower level of HDL-c but not triglyceride (TG) and total cholesterol (TC) levels were found in Baneh-treated animals at rest.
    Conclusion
    Exercise training increases ABCG5 relative gene expression in the liver, small intestine and kidney tissues; therefore exercise training may adjust the reduction of ABCG5 relative gene expression in Baneh-training group.
    Keywords: ABCG5, ABC transporters, Female rats, Pistachia atlantica, Treadmill exercise
  • Amir Ghasemi, Reza Ranjbar, Jafar Amani Pages 172-180
    Objective(s)
    Brucellosis, especially caused by Brucella melitensis, remains one of the most common zoonotic diseases worldwide with more than 500,000 human cases reported annually. The commonly used live attenuated vaccine in ovine brucellosis prophylaxis is B. melitensis Rev1. But due to different problems caused by the administration of this vaccine, a protective subunit vaccine against B. melitensis is strongly demanded. Brucella BP26, Omp31 and TF proteins have shown a considerable potential as protective antigens for brucellosis. Chimeric proteins carrying epitopes or adjuvant sequences increase the possibility of eliciting a broad cellular or humoral immune response. In silico tools are highly suited to study, design and evaluate vaccine strategies.
    Materials And Methods
    In this study, a synthetic chimeric gene, encoding TF, BP26 93-111 and Omp3148-74 was designed.In order to predict the 3D structure of protein, modeling was carried out.
    Results
    Validation results showed that 91.1% of residues lie in favored or additional allowed region of Ramachandran plot. The epitopes in the chimeric protein are likely to induce both the B-cell and T-cell mediated immune responses.
    Conclusion
    The chimeric protein may be used as multi subunit for development of Brucella vaccine candidates.
    Keywords: Brucellosis, Chimeric protein, Epitope, Vaccination
  • Parichehr Hassanzadeh, Fatemeh Rostami Pages 181-188
    Objective(s)
    Targeting the neuropeptide systems has been shown to be useful for the development of more effective antipsychotic drugs. Neurotensin, an endogenous neuropeptide, appears to be involved in the mechanism of action of antipsychotics. However, the available data provide conflicting results and the mechanism(s) by which antipsychotics affect brain neurotensin neurotransmission have not been identified. Therefore, we aimed to investigate the effects of fluphenazine and amisulpride on brain regional contents of neurotensin considering the role of cannabinoid CB1 receptors which interact with neurotensin neurotransmission.
    Materials And Methods
    Fluphenazine (0.5, 1, and 3 mg/kg) or amisulpride (3, 5, and 10 mg/kg) were administered intraperitoneally to male Wistar rats either for one day or 28 consecutive days.Twenty four hours after the last injection of drug or vehicle, neurotensin contents were determined in the mesocorticolimbic and nigrostriatal dopamine regions by radioimmunoassay. In the case of any significant change, the effect of pre-treatment with CB1 receptor antagonist, AM251 was investigated.
    Results
    Chronic, but not acute, treatment with the highest dose of fluphenazine or amisulpride resulted in significant enhancement of neurotensin contents in the prefronatal cortex and nucleus accumbens. Fluphenazine also elevated neurotensin levels in the anterior and posterior caudate nuclei and substantia nigra. Neither amisulpride nor fluphenazine affected neurotensin contents in the amygdala or hippocampus. Pre-treatment with AM251 (3 mg/kg) prevented the neuroleptic-induced elevation of neurotensin. AM251 showed no effect by itself.
    Conclusion
    The brain neurotensin under the regulatory action of CB1 receptors is involved in[T1] the effects of amisulpride and fluphenazine.
    Keywords: Amisulpride, Brain, CB1 receptors, Fluphenazine, Neurotensin, Rat
  • Mohammad Hosseini-Sharifabad, Abdoreza Sabahi Pages 189-195
    Objective(s)
    The hippocampus has been implicated in pathophysiology of schizophrenia. Prenatal stress is a contributing risk factor for a wide variety of neuropsychiatric diseases including schizophrenia. This study examined long-term effects of prenatal restraint stress on the stereological parameters in the Cornu Ammonis (CA) of adult male rats as an animal model of schizophrenia.
    Materials And Methods
    Wistar pregnant dams in experimental group were stressed in a cylindrical Plexiglas restrainer daily for 1 hr during last week of gestation. Controls remained in the animal room and were exposed only to normal animal room conditions. At 2 months of age, the volume of the pyramidal cell layer of the CA, the numerical density and the somal volume of the respective neurons were assessed in the male offspring generated from stressed and control pregnancies. Cavalieri''s principle, physical disector and nucleator were applied for stereological analyses.
    Results
    This study showed that prenatal stress significantly decreased the volume of CA3 pyramidal cell layer and the individual somal volume of CA3 pyramidal neurons. However, there were no markedly differences in the numerical density, total number of CA3 pyramidal neurons and stereological parameters in CA1 of prenatally stressed and control animals.
    Conclusion
    These data indicate that prenatal stress exposure induced neuronal changes in the CA3 subfield of hippocampus which are similar to what is observed in schizophrenia.
    Keywords: Cornu ammonis, Hippocampus, Prenatal stress, Stereology
  • Elham Mohammadzadeh, Mohammad Reza Nikravesh, Mehdi Jalali, Alireza Fazel, Vahid Ebrahimi, Ali Reza Ebrahimzadeh-Bideskan* Pages 196-200
    Objective(s)
    Skin extracellular matrix, which contains type I and type III collagens, is involved in skin development. The aim of this study was to investigate type III collagen distribution pattern as well as its changes during pre and post-natal skin morphogenesis in rats.
    Materials And Methods
    Ventral skins of Wistar rat embryos at different stages from 10 to 20 gestational day (E10-E20) and also one month and one year post natal rat pups were fixed in normalin, embedded in paraffin and 5 µm thick sections were incubated with Anti type III collagen antibody. In order to detect staining intensity, the reactions were observed and graded by three examiners separately. Kruskal-Wallis non-parametric statistical test and SPSS software version 11.5 were used to compare differences between samples.
    Results
    Immunoreactivity of type III collagen was distributed weakly in the mesenchymal connective tissue on day 10 (E10). The observed reaction was increased onE12 and E14. This reaction was clear in basement membrane, relatively intensive in dermal papillae and moderate in dermal reticularis on E14. This immunoreactivity pattern was increased afterward on E16, not changed on E18 and decreased in dermal reticularis on E20. The density of collagen type III in dermal papillae and dermal reticularis in skin of one year old rats were decreased comparing to one month old rats.
    Conclusion
    Our results showed that type III collagen is expressed and timely regulated during pre and post natal rat skin morphogenesis.
    Keywords: Immunohistochemistry, Morphogenesis, Skin, Type III collagen
  • Atiyeh Naderi, Roha Kasra Kermanshahi, Sara Gharavi, Abbas Ali Imani Fooladi, Meghdad Abdollahpour Alitappeh, Parvaneh Saffarian Pages 201-208
    Objective(s)
    Urinary tract infection (UTI) caused by bacteria is one of the most frequent infections in human population. Inappropriate use of antibiotics, often leads to appearance of drug resistance in bacteria. However, use of probiotic bacteria has been suggested as a partial replacement. This study was aimed to assess the antagonistic effects of Lactobacillus standard strains against bacteria isolated from UTI infections.
    Materials And Methods
    Among 600 samples; those with ≥10,000 cfu/ml were selected as UTI positive samples. Enterococcus sp., Klebsiella pneumoniae, Enterobacter sp., and Escherichia coli were found the most prevalent UTI causative agents. All isolates were screened for multi drug resistance and subjected to the antimicrobial effects of three Lactobacillus strains by using microplate technique and the MICs amounts were determined. In order to verify the origin of antibiotic resistance of isolates, plasmid curing using ethidium bromide and acridine orange was carried out.
    Results
    No antagonistic activity in Lactobacilli suspension was detected against test on Enterococcus and Enterobacter strains and K. pneumoniae, which were resistant to most antibiotics. However, an inhibitory effect was observed for E. coli which were resistant to 8-9 antibiotics. In addition, L. casei was determined to be the most effective probiotic. Results from replica plating suggested one of the plasmids could be related to the gene responsible for ampicillin resistance.
    Conclusion
    Treatment of E. coli with probiotic suspension was not effective on inhibition of the plasmid carrying hypothetical ampicillin resistant gene. Moreover, the plasmid profiles obtained from probiotic-treated isolates were identical to untreated isolates.
    Keywords: Antibiotic resistance, Lactobacillus, Pathogenic bacteria, Probiotic, Urinary tract infection
  • Ali Shamsizadeh, Neda Soliemani, Mohammad Mohammad-Zadeh, Hassan Azhdari-* Pages 209-215
    Objective(s)
    There are many reports about the role of rostral ventromedial medulla (RVM) in modulating stress-induced analgesia (SIA). In the previous study we demonstrated that temporal inactivation of RVM by lidocaine potentiated stress-induced analgesia. In this study, we investigated the effect of permanent lesion of the RVM on SIA by using formalin test as a model of acute inflammatory pain.
    Materials And Methods
    Three sets of experiments were conducted: (1) Application of stress protocol (2) Formalin injection after exposing the animals to the swim stress (3) Either the relevant vehicle or dopamine receptor 1 (D1) agonist R-SKF38393 was injected into the RVM to cause a lesion. For permanent lesion of RVM, R-SKF38393 was injected into the RVM. Forced swim stress in water was employed in adult male rats. Nociceptive responses were measured by formalin test (50µl injection of formalin 2% subcutaneously into hind paw) and pain related behaviors were monitored for 90 min.
    Results
    In the unstressed rats, permanent lesion of the RVM by R-SKF38393 decreased formalin-induced nociceptive behaviors in phase 1, while in stressed rats, injection of R-SKF38393 into the RVM potentiated swim stress-induced antinociception in phase 1 and interphase, phase 2A of formalin test. Furthermore, R-SKF38393 had pronociceptive effects in phase2B whereas injections of R-SKF38393 resulted in significant difference in nociceptive bahaviours in all phases of formalin test (P<0.05).
    Conclusion
    The result of the present study demonstrated that permanent inactivation of RVM can potentiate stress-induced analgesia in formalin test.
    Keywords: Analgesia, Formalin test, Inactivation, Lesion, Rostral ventromedial medulla, Swim stress
  • Ahmad Reza Taheri, Vahid Mashayekhi Goyonlo, Yalda Nahidi, Nasrin Moheghi, Jalil Tavakkol Afshari* Pages 216-219
    Objective(s)
    In this study, the serum level of interferon-γ (IFN- γ) and interlukin-4 (IL-4) was evaluated as a marker of Th1 and Th2 immune response that influence the clinical course of cutaneous leishmaniasis[r1].
    Materials And Methods
    This cross-sectional study was conducted on 44 cases of cutaneous leishmaniasis (21 cases with healed lesions and 23 cases with chronic non-healing lesions. Thirty-two non-infected persons living in the area were considered as controls. Serum levels of IFN- γ and IL-4 were determined using ELISA, and the results along with clinical data were analyzed using SPSS 11.5.
    Results
    Serum IFN-γ level was not significantly different between various patient groups and control (P=0.27), but the serum level of IL-4 in patient groups was higher than in healthy subjects, and it was higher in patients with non-healed chronic cutaneous leishmaniasis than those with healed lesions (P<0.01).
    Conclusion
    Serum IL-4 level is a good marker for evaluation of the clinical course of cutaneous leishmaniasis.
    Keywords: Cutaneous leishmaniasis, Interferon, γ Interlukin, 4, T helper cel
  • Wachirayah Thong-Asa*, Knokwan Tilokskulchai Pages 220-226
    Objective(s)
    The present study investigated the effect of long-term mild cerebral hypoperfusion induced by permanent unilateral (right) common carotid artery occlusion (UCO) on the dorsal hippocampal neurons in rats.
    Materials And Methods
    Sixty four male Sprague-Dawley rats aged 4 months were divided into two groups of sham and UCO. These two groups were further divided into 4 sets of histopathological observation periods at 8, 16, 48 and 56 weeks after arterial occlusion. Pathological changes were observed in three regions (CA1, CA3 and DG) of the dorsal hippocampus.
    Results
    Significant increase of damaged neurons in CA1 region at 8, 16, 48, and 56 weeks were observed, whereas in CA3 and DG regions it was at 16, 48, and 56 weeks. Gradual increase of damaged neurons was found without significant change in hemodynamic parameters.
    Conclusion
    Long-term right common carotid artery occlusion in rats induced delay and progressive damage to the dorsal hippocampus with regional vulnerability from CA1 followed by CA3 and DG regions
    Keywords: Delay neuronal death Hippocampal neurons, Mild cerebral hypoperfusion Permanent right common Carotid artery occlusion
  • Hakimeh Saadatian, Jalal Gharesouran, Vahid Montazeri, Seyyed Abolgasem Mohammadi, Seyyed Mojtaba Mohaddes Ardabili* Pages 227-230
    Objective(s)
    Cytochrome P-450 1A1 is an important enzyme in the first phase of the metabolism of some carcinogens such as polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), as well as estrogen. The present study evaluates the existence of CYP1A1 polymorphism in a number of breast cancer samples.
    Materials And Methods
    One hundred breast cancer patients and the same number of healthy controls were analyzed for the A2455G polymorphism of cytochrome P-450 1A1 by the polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism technique.
    Results
    Frequency of heterozygote genotype (A/G) indicated significant increase in case group (17%) compared to control group (7%) (OR=2.7; 95% CI=1.07-6.89; P-value=0.03). The related result of (A/A) genotype showed significantly decreased risk of breast cancer (OR=0.34; P-value=0.01). Higher frequency of heterozygotes was mainly observed among premenopausal breast cancer patients.
    Conclusion
    Our results suggest that the CYP1A1polymorphism may be useful for predicting breast cancer risk in our study population.
    Keywords: Breast cancer, CYP1A1, Polymorphism