فصلنامه علوم پزشکی دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی
سال بیست و پنجم شماره 4 (پیاپی 82، زمستان 1394)

LncRNAs are non-coding transcripts with more than 200 nucleotides in length which interact to other molecules through their particular molecular structures and affect on numerous molecular processes. Key functions of lncRNAs in a great variety of cell pathways have been significantly studied. These molecules are expressed in many various cell types, but their decreased or increased expression has been reported in different diseases, especially cancer. Published papers have introduced lncRNAs and their crucial roles in primary steps of tumorigenesis, tumor development and apoptosis. lncRNAs importance in cancer occurrence is so remarkable that level measurement of some of them may be a considerable aid in diagnosis or prognosis of related cancer. Furthermore, a variety of new therapeutic approaches are innovated based on inhibition or enhancement of lncRNAs functions for alleviation disease severity; however, they are conceivable only in research concept. In the current article, these approaches and their related molecular basis are conveyed by the use of the newest reliable resources.

Burn is one of the factors in the spread of disease. To treat burns, several topical medications are required. This study was performed to evaluate the effects of topical nano zinc oxide on skin burns of adult female mice of NMRI. 30 adult female mice of the NMRI were placed in groups of control1(without burns), control2 (burns without healing), sham (burns distilled water tween 20), experimental 1 (burns and distilled zinc oxide 300mg), and experimental 2 (burns and distilled zinc oxide 500mg). In sterile conditions and anesthesia, a wound was created with diameter of one centimeter on the back of each mouse. The mice were treated for 21 days and were easy to draw. The thickness of the horny layer, epidermis, dermis, hypodermis, number of hair follicles and number of dermic vessels and vessel diameter, the diameter of the wound and scar was evaluated. Diameter of scar in all groups revealed reduction (P<0.001) compared to control 2. Thickness of horny epiderm significantly increased (p <0.001) in groups of control 1, sham, experimental 1, and 2 compared to control 2. The thickness of the hypoderm increased in groups of sham (p<0.01), control 1, experimental 1, and 2 (P<0.001) compared to control 2. Thickness of the dermis was larger in groups of control 1, sham, experimental 1, and 2 (P <0.001) in comparison of control 2 group. The number of hair follicles was decreased in control 1 group (P<0.01) and increased in groups of sham (p<0.01), and experimental 1 and 2 (P <0.001) compared to control 2. There were no significant differences in the number of dermic vessels and the diameter of dermic vessels between groups. Results showed that nano zinc oxide had good effects on burned skin layers and hair follicles.

ADHD (attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder) is a developmental disorder that has been attracting the attention of psychologists and psychiatrists for a long time. The purpose of this research was to study the effectiveness of training in improving attention and working memory on continuous performance in ADHD children. This was a semi-expremental study performed on 44 ADHD children referred to psychiatric clinics in Babol city. They were equally divided into the experimental and the control groups. The performance of the members belonging to both groups was assessed using the continuous performance test in the pretest stage. Each member of the experimental group was then individually trained for 20 half-hour sessions (three half-hour sessions per week for a period of seven weeks) using attention and working memory improvement software. After the training period, post-test was conducted on members of both groups using the mentioned software. Results of ANCOVA indicated that despite increased continuous performance in both the experimental and the control groups in the post-test stage, the increased continuous performance in the experimental group was greater compared to the control group. Therefore, training in improving attention and working memory was effective in increasing continuous performance in ADHA children. Training in improving attention and working memory, and similar trainings, can be considered as complementary treatment method, or a substitute method for medicines.

Food borne diseases could threat human health. In these circumstances, Escherichia coli is one of the most important bacterium in food poisoning. The aim of this study was to evaluate and determine antibiotic resistant strains isolated from traditional food samples. In this study, 100 traditional food samples were evaluated for presence of E.coli and the isolates were identified and characterized using biochemical and serological tests. Then, antibiotic resistance pattern of the isolates were determined using Kirby-Bauer test based on CLSI 2013. The results indicated that 7% of the food samples were infected with E.coli, and out of that 3% were belonging to pathogenic group. Furthermore, the results indicated that 100% of the isolates were resistant to ampicilin and vancomycin, followed by cefixime (75%), tetracycline (62.5%), ceftriaxone, gentamycin, co-trimoxazole (25%), ciprofloxacin and chloramphenicol (12.5%). Escherichia coli is an important bacterium in food poisoning and presence of this bacterium in food could be threat the human health. According to the obtained results, for preventing the food spoilage, teaching and sanitary, preparation skills, transportation and depositing are necessary factors. In addition, isolated bacteria had resistance to the most antibiotics, although ciprofloxacin and chloramphenicol had more effect on the isolates in this geographical area, their side effects should be considered.

There are numerous types of extended spectrum β-lactamase, such as TEM and SHV, are predominant among Klebsiella strains. The aim of this study was to determine the frequency of TEM and SHV in the extended-spectrum beta-lactamase producing Klebsiella isolate from urinary tract infections in Karaj city. Totally, 100 isolates of Klebsiella were collected from some hospitals and clinical laboratories in Karaj city. Isolates were screened for ESBLs production by phenotypic confirmatory test (PCT). Extracted DNA samples were analyzed using specific primers for SHV and TEM genes by PCR method. By disk diffusion test, resistance to ceftazidime and cefotaxime were observed in 24% of the isolates. The phenotypic confirmatory test (PCT) detected 25 isolates (25%) as ESBL producers. Of them, 23 (92%) were Klebsiella pneumoniae and 2 isolate (8%) were Klebsiella oxytoca. The frequency of blaTEM and blaSHV among these isolates was 80% (n=20) and 88% (n=22), respectively. SHV is the dominant enzyme among the ESBL-producing strains of Klebsiella. The high rate of resistance to ceftazidime, cefotaxime and ceftriaxone in strain that harbored blaTEM and blaSHV genes, is a matter of concern and treatment requires further attention to the results of susceptibility tests.

Beta-lactams are the largest group of antibiotics used by hospitals to treat infections caused by Gram-negative bacteria. Enterobacteriaceae, natural microbiota of the human gastrointestinal tract, represent a large part of bacterial communities colonizing hospital effluents, and they could be a source of genes encoding extended-spectrum-beta-lactamases (ESBLs). Those genes may be transmitted to other bacteria present in sewage and the environment. In this descriptive study, the isolated strains were identified by biochemical methods in accordance with Bergey's manual of systematic bacteriology. Screening and phenotypic confirmatory test for ESBL production were performed using standard double disc diffusion methods. Each initial ESBL screening test isolate was investigated for the presence of bla CTX-M genes via polymerase chain reaction (PCR) using gene-specific primers. Of 108 bacterial isolates, 52 (48%) were phenotypically ESBL-positive, but only 32 (29.63%) isolates harbored bla CTX-M gene. Escherichia coli and Citrobacter spp. were the most frequently identified ESBL-positive strains. The results showed that ESBL-genes were presented in the hospital wastewater and could be threat for public health.

Tuberculosis is second cause of death after HIV infection related to infectious diseases in the world. According to WHO reports, there are many risk factors for reactivation of tuberculosis infection. The aim of this study was to know if assisted reproductive techniques (ART) reactivate latent tuberculosis infection. In this retrospective cross sectional descriptive study that was made to evaluate the effect of ART on reactivation of latent tuberculosis. All patients with positive PPD test, TB in the past or patients who had sequels of TB from 2001 to 2012 were included in this study. Based on questionnaire, including demographics, kind of infertility treatment and active tuberculosis, one expert physician was asking some questions about sign and symptoms of tuberculosis. If Patients had signs or symptoms of tuberculosis, they were visited by infectious disease specialist. Patients with tuberculosis were signed as reactivation of latent tuberculosis. Of 770 patients, 433 (56.2%) cases were only PPD positive, and 30.3% had PPD positive and signs of TB in the past. 81 (10.5%) patients did IUI, 126 (16.4%) ICSI, 43 (5.6%) IVF, 11 (1.4%) IVF/ICSI, and 7 (0/9%) ZIFT and 3 had donor of oocyts. There were 90 (11.7%) pregnancy, 24 (3.1%) deliveries, 30 (3.9%) abortions and 13 (1.7%) ectopic pregnancies, but there was only one case of reactivated TB in this study. This study shows that patients with positive PPD do not need TB prophylaxis. For better result, we need a prospective study.

Devic’s disease is a progressive disease with visual loss. This study was performed to compare the changes in visual evoked potential in Devis patients and healthy subjects attending to Basir clinic in 2013 and 2014. In this cross-sectional descriptive study, 25 Devic’s patients and 25 healthy subjects attending to Basir clinic in 2013 and 2014 were enrolled and their VEP results were determined and compared between two groups. Data analyses were performed using t- test. The mean (± standard deviation) voltages in case and control groups were 4.4±2.8 microvolt and 6.2±2.3 microvolt, respectively (P=0.023). The mean latency was 105.3±10.8 millisecond in case group and 95.6±8.8 millisecond in control group (P=0.001). Totally, according to the obtained results in this study and comparison with other studies it may be concluded that Devic’s disease would result in decreased voltage and increased latency in VEP of the patients.

Nursing ethics is a part of the responsibility and commitment to the nursing profession. The nurse's performance must be according to the professional principles. It seems one of the best ways to ensure performing ethical practice is increasing the nurses’ awareness and attitudes about nursing ethics codes. The aim of this study was to assess the relationship between nurses’ awareness and attitude about nursing ethics codes and determine the effective factors. In this descriptive cross - sectional study, 108 nurses were selected by cluster sampling. Information was collected by a three- part questionnaire, including demographic characteristics, nursing ethics codes awareness and attitudes. Relationships between variables were estimated by Pearson’s correlation coefficient (r) and independent t-test. The mean (± standard deviation) score of awareness (19.52 ±0.64) and attitude (17.71 ± 0.59) of participants were in the middle range and there was statistically significant correlation between mean score of awareness and attitude (r=0.69, p=0.01). There found higher score of attitude for married nurses, and also higher score of awareness and attitude for those have more years of work experiences (P<0.05). The results of this study indicated that the nurses need more and continuously education of nursing ethics codes. Therefore, it is recommended that the managers and planners pay more attention to teaching these codes, as one of the basic part in nursing education until development of the nurse's ethics codes awareness and attitudes leads to improve the quality of nursing care.

Beta thalassemia is a common genetic disease in humans. This study aimed to assess various aspects of quality of life in patients with thalassemia major referred to Buali hospital in 2012-13. This cross-sectional analytical study was conducted on 40 patients with thalassemia major. Data were analyzed by statistical software SPSS V16 using Chi-square and t-test. The significance level was set at less than 0.05. 40 patients with mean (± standard deviation) age of 20.38±7.13 years were studied. 50% of patients were in the age range of 30-21 years. 22 patients (55%) were male. The mean age of the diagnosis was 7.5±1.4 months. Mean age of starting deferoxamine was 5.93±4.37 years. Data analysis revealed no significant relationship between age (P=0.246), gender (P= 0.259) and location of residency (P = 0.753) with quality of life. There were the highest quality within the role of the physical evidence and lowest quality in the area of ​​patient's general health. Quality of caring was appropriate.