فصلنامه علوم پزشکی دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی
سال بیست و ششم شماره 1 (پیاپی 83، بهار 1395)

Infertility is one of the growing health issues in many countries with numerous emotional¡ social and economic consequences. The results of some studies in recent years revealed that the actual spread of infertility is changing and increasing due to various factors and the fertility rate has also declined. This study aimed to perform systematic review on Iranian domestic articles between 1999 to 2013¡ in order to identify the causes of infertility.
In this systematic review¡ 58 research papers were retrieved. After auditing them¡ 38 articles were selected in the past two decades regarding the “etiology of infertility”.
The most frequent causes of male infertility were sperm abnormalities and then varicocele. Tubal disorders and ovarian disorders were the most prevalent causes of female infertility.
Based on these results and effective factors of infertility¡ we can consider effective measures in three areas¡ including preventive measures¡ educational measures¡ and support and encouragement measures to improve reduced fertility rate.

At present, cancer is one of the leading causes of mortality in the world. Therefore, prevention can be considered as important as treatment in the management of cancer. Diet can play a vital role in cancer prevention. Nowadays, scientists are looking for natural food which can prevent the cancer occurrence. The purpose of this research was to examine antimutagenicity and anticancer effects of apple peel extract.
In this experimental study, HUT-78 cell line were cultured in 90% RPMI1640, supplemented with 10% fetal calf serum, l- glutamine, peniciline, streptomycin and then incubated at 37°c for 2 days. The cancer cell line was treated by different apple peel extract concentrations and cellular vital capacity was determined by MTT assay. The apple peel extract was subsequently evaluated in terms of antimutagenicity and anticancer properties by a standard reverse mutation assay (Ames test).
During MTT assay, T cell lymphoma cancerous cells revealed significant cell death compared with controls (p The results demonstrated that apple peel extract has anticancer effects in in vitro condition. So, we can persuade people to add apple peel to daily diet.

Thioacetamide causes kidney dysfunction. Medical plants had been used to cure some kidney diseases. The present study was done to evaluate the protect effects of aqueous extract of Glycyrrhiza glabra root on disorder of kidney functions induced by thioacetamide in male rats.
In this experimental study, 35 male rats were divided into 5 groups: control group, sham group received a single dose of 150mg/kg thioacetamide intraperitoneally, experimental groups 1, 2 and 3 received the aqueous extract of Glycyrrhiza glabra root at the doses of 100, 200, and 300mg/kg daily orally during 3 months respectively and then a single dose of thioacetamide at 150 mg/kg as intraperitoneal injection. The serum levels of creatinine, BUN, sodium and potassium were measured.
Pretreatment with the aqueous extract of Glycyrrhiza glabra root at all doses increased the serum level of BUN compared to thioacetamide group, but there was no significant difference. Pretreatment with the aqueous extract of Glycyrrhiza glabra root at all doses significantly reduced serum levels of potassium and sodium compared to thioacetamide group. Pretreatment with 300 mg/kg of aqueous extract of Glycyrrhiza glabra root significantly reduced serum level of creatinine compared to thioacetamide group.
Results showed protective effects of aqueous extract of Glycyrrhiza glabra root on functional kidney disorders induced by thioacetamide in male rats. The protective effects of this extract can be due to its antioxidant effects.

It has been shown by recent studies that there is a significant association between genetic polymorphisms near the regulatory of IL28B gene and response to treatment in viral diseases such as hepatitis C. However, genetic factors involving in infection progression to chronic diseases have not been determined yet. In this study, the association of these IL28B polymorphisms with susceptibility to chronic hepatitis C virus infection has been analyzed.
In this case- control study, 110 patients infected with chronic hepatitis C and 110 healthy individuals were studied. The fragments covering rs8099917 and rs12979860 were amplified by the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) method and genotyped by restriction fragment length polymorphism digestion (RFLP) method using NmuCI and BstUIendonuleases enzymes.
Results showed that rs12979860CC genotype were the most frequent which followed by CT and TT. However, rs8099917TT was the dominant genotype. Allele frequencies were included: Rs8099917 T=72.3%, G=27.7% and rs12979860 C=69.5%, T=30.5% at patients and rs8099917 T=80%, G=20% and rs12979860 C=73.2%, T=26.8% at control group.
The Results showed that T allele is more prevalent than G at rs12979860 polymorphism and the frequency of C allele is higher than T at rs8099917 position. However, rs809917TT and rs12979860 CC genotypes are the most common genotypes among patients population with chronic hepatitis C.

Learning from peers is an authentic way to improve psychomotor skills and to reduce stress, in which monitoring the implementation of clinical skills, doing practice, strengthening sense of responsibility and active participation and privates take responsibility for their learning are performed. It can prepare them for their future roles and has lower cost compared to other methods. The purpose of this study was to define the effects of peer education on learning clinical skills in nursing students (interns and trainees).
In this semi-experimental study, 71 internship and 84 trainees were randomly divided into intervention and control groups. One researcher- made questionnaire was used to collect data to evaluate the clinical skills (40 questions consisting of two parts 20 questions about the standard of care and 20 questions standard clinical skill) before and after Internships. Content validity was used for testing validity and test-retest for reliability.
Mean (± standard deviation) score of clinical skills in intern students were 39.18±0.628 in the intervention group and 32.23 ±3.77 in the control group (P peer education is effective in teaching clinical skills and promotion of clinical education among junior students as well as own peer students.

Sleep apnea is one of the sleep breathing disorders associated with cardiovascular and metabolic diseases. Metabolic syndrome is a cluster of cardiovascular risk factors that increases the risk of mortality. The purpose of this study was to determine the association between sleep apnea and the metabolic syndrome in elderly patients with cardiovascular diseases.
This cross sectional study was conducted on 200 elderly patients with cardiovascular diseases in Saqqez's Imam Khomeini's Hospital in 2014 with convenience sampling. ATP3 index and STOP scale were used to determine sleep apnea and metabolic syndrome, respectively. Data were analyzed by PASW software using descriptive statistics, independent t test and Chi square at the significant level of 48% and 73% of patients with cardiovascular diseases had metabolic syndrome and sleep apnea, respectively. There was an association between metabolic syndrome and sleep apnea in women, so that the chance of metabolic syndrome in women with sleep apnea was 2.4 times more than others (OR=2.4, 95%CI: 1.3-4.3, p=0.003). Among the components of metabolic syndrome, only systolic blood pressure was associated with sleep apnea (p=0.004).
Given the prevalence of sleep apnea and metabolic syndrome in elderly patients with cardiovascular diseases, these two variables should be considered simultaneously.

Mebeverine is one of the most acceptable treatment choices for IBS patients. With all the economic difficulties and considering the attempts of pharmaceutical companies in order to replace foreign drugs with Iranian types, this study was designed to compare the efficacy of foreign mebeverine compared and Iranian type.
In this retrospective study, 100 IBS patients with diarrhea attending to gastroenterology clinic of Amiralmomenin Hospital since 2009 to 2013 were enrolled. The clinical improvement was compared between groups of taking foreign mebeverine and Iranian type. These patients were studied based on gender, age, flatulence and abdominal pain.
100 patients, including 41 males and 59 females, were studied. 84% of patients in foreign mebeverine group and 78% of patients in Iranian mebeverine group showed improvement of symtoms and signs, and there was no statistically significant difference between two groups.
Our study showed no significant difference between foreign and Iranian mebeverine efficacy; so it would be acceptable to use Iranian mebeverin instead of foreign type.

Spiritual intelligence represents a set of capabilities and capacities and spiritual resources. Tendency to perfectionism and perfectionism bodies of people and coping strategies are conscious practices and reasonable compromise with the stresses of life. The aim of present study was to investigate the relationship between spiritual intelligence and perfectionism, coping strategies among students of Payam Noor University of Susa city.
In this descriptive, correlation type, study, of all Payam Noor University students in Susa city, 280 students were studied. Questionnaires of Hoet and Felt Perfectionism Scale (1991), King Spiritual Intelligence (2008) and the coping strategies were used. Data analysis was done by SPSS. ver21 using Pearson's correlation coefficient.
There was a significant relationship between spiritual intelligence and coping strategies, and between perfectionism and coping strategies; so that with increasing spiritual intelligence and perfectionism, using coping strategies increased. Also there was a significant and positive relationship between perfectionism and spiritual intelligence.
Due to the influence of spiritual intelligence and perfectionism on mental health, especially using coping strategies, it is better to increase these two components in different ways, to make a decision in their life be easier.

Clinical education is a facilitator of learning in the clinical environment that can make measurable changes in students to perform clinical care. The aim of this study was to assess the clinical educational environment at nursing and midwifery students of Islamic Azad University, Tehran Medical Sciences Branch using undergraduate clinical educational environment measure (UCEEM).
A cross-sectional study was carried out at nursing and midwifery school in 2014. All 215 internship nursing and midwifery students were selected and the UCEEM was used for data collection. We translated the instrument into Persian and ensured its content and construct validity by back translation and exploratory factor analysis. Data analysis was performed using SPSS 17 by the independent samples t test, Pearson correlation coefficient and one-way ANOVA. P-value One hundred and ninety seven questionnaires were analyzed. Mean UCEEM overall score was 85.24 (range: 5-25). 48.15 had positive attitude. The factor analysis yielded four factors. The reliability of questionnaire (Cranach’s α) was 0.93. Mean score of nursing students was higher than midwifery students (p The finding of this study showed that students’ perceptions for educational environment are in average level and there is an opportunity for improvement in all domains of clinical educational environment.

The virginity is a matter of concern in many eastern countries, especially Muslim societies. In some cultures, integrity of hymen before marriage causes deprivation of social rights for the females; even in some cases an honor killing is plausible.
In this descriptive cross-sectional study, total records of all virgin patients who underwent hysteroscopy for medical reasons in Hazrat Rasool Hospital between 2004 and 2014 were studied. Data were analyzed by SPSS version 19 using descriptive scales and simple proportion and ratios.
400 women with AUB (abnormal uterine bleeding) were referred to Hazrat Rasool Hospital for the diagnosis and treatment. 12 cases (3%) were virgin and 388 (97%) were non-virgins. In 12 Virgin patients admitted for hysteroscopy, 3 (25%) hymenal damage were reported, and in 9 virgin patients hymen remained intact postoperatively.
Regarding the high prevalence of congenital and acquired uterine diseases and successful treatment of these problems by hysteroscopy, it seems prudential to focus on more comprehensive teaching programs in the gynecologic endoscopic field. This will help better and earlier diagnosis and treatment of virgin patients, due to seeking earlier medical care.