نشریه پایداری، توسعه و محیط زیست
سال یکم شماره 1 (بهار 1393)

Kavehdeh forbidden hunting area is an estimated 94,961 hectares Located in East of Tehran and south of the Firoozkooh.This region is selected based on the rich and varied vegetation and wildlife species and also unique historical monuments that according to international standards, by utilizing spatial multi-criteria evaluation method (SMCE) to be evaluated and considered as a protected area. To do so, after detecting the physic- chemical and ecological and economic - social resources of the under review area (scale 1/100000), the obtained data was introduced to ArcGIS 9.3 software. In this method, criteria, and various restrictions are combined, So that in combination of homogeneous factors, the initial attempts focused on standardization. This is done by using fuzzy expert system and s-shaped functions. Overall, data were obtained through 24 layers as criteria maps for protection application capability evaluation. Using Expert Choice software, analytical hierarchy process (AHP) was conducted to load the criteria in relation to the type of applications. Then, the mathematical relationship of the protection application development was extracted. To analyze land proportion for the development of the expected applications, combined loaded linear method was utilized and the final map of protection applications was represented on the criteria maps data. The results revealed that the 34,687 hectares of entire area that covers the 37 percent of the region, has suitable conditions and capability to be selected as a protected area.

Green roofs and walls are emerging as the new architectural approach, based on sustainable development concepts, particularly with promotion of per-capita recreational vegetation cover and improvement of the environmental quality in modern municipalities. In this analytical research a range of benefits were investigated, such as reducing rainwater run-off, supporting biodiversity, increasing energy efficiency, reducing noise pollution and providing local cooling by green roofs and walls etc. Investigations for city of Tehran indicates that using this technique can have a significant decrease (20,000 tons) of suspended dust in the air by an increase of vegetation cover equivalent to 100 square km (i.e. 20% increase), which in turn converts 37,000 tons of carbon dioxide into oxygen per day. It was also found that expansion of vegetation areas on the buildings roofs leads to 38,000 Megawatts-hour decease in electric consumption per year (i.e. 1.2% decrease in annual consumption).
Results in past research show that due to low per capita vegetation covers and greenery in the megacities like Tehran, relative to their comparable cities elsewhere, institutionalization of roof greeneries would be an effective approach to mitigate the otherwise adversely hazardous environmental impact in these over-crowded municipalities.

This research is a statistical study of the investigation on impacts of Shahrake Gharb municipal wastewater effluent reuse for irrigation in order to sustainable Development. Chemical and biological parameters of effluent have been determined according to Standard Method handbook 2005) since May 2011 to November 2012.
Deviation of Measured parameters toward standards of Iranian Department Of Environment, EPA, FAO, WHO for irrigation water are calculated by using CCME-WQI method. Calculated results indicate that there are many restrictions for using the effluent of Sharake Gharb wastewater treatment plant in 2012, according to above standards. It means that using of this effluent for irrigation must be under an exact management and plan. According to standard of FAO this effluent is not proper for irrigation.

The emergence of the concept of "sustainable development" created fundamental changes in the political and economic sectors of society. In this context, recently, the utilization of renewable energies for environmental protection has been widely accepted in developed countries. European Union model for the use of renewable energies resources in order to achieve sustainable development in this area is considered one of the most successful models. European Union policy on the exploitation of renewable energy resources, in addition to diversification of energy resources, is an essential step to preventing environmental damage and irreparable damage to the environment. The main aim of this study is to provide an overview of strategies of European Union in order to utilization of renewable energy resources and achieving sustainable development goals as a successful model in this subject.

The passive defense means "defense against threats without weapons". The purpose of passive defense is reducing the vulnerability of human resources, construction, equipment and the environment in spite of critical and sensitive accounts and malicious attacks of the enemy, Continuing activities and service infrastructure, critical needs, continuity of administration in crisis situations caused by war, and save the environment as a living situation. Iran has a rich biodiversity and privileged environment and due to the climate of four seasons in the same time in different locations, there are amazing attractions that the order of importance of the environment rich in national parks, national natural monuments, protected areas and wildlife refuges are supported by the government. Integration of the diverse climatic and wonderful topographic and Iran's strategic position, cause the name of Iran be environmental crossroad. The spirit of independence and freedom seeking Iranians due to the religious teachings and even epic poetry is evident regarded by some malicious people and their rulers near and far were on. The present condition of the country in their determination to irradiance in the region has been determined, One of the most important managerial strategies and concern should be to protect and improve the environment to a significant potential threat to deal with any appear. Many examples and guidelines in this area are given in terms of policy and strategic management can be effectively targeted.

Fossil fuels have greatly supported the industrialization and economic growth of countries during the past centuries. However, it is obvious that they cannot build a sustainable global economy. Provided that oil, natural gas and coal are regarded as the main source of supplying today’s energy, they will fail to fulfill the future requirements. Thus, the best solutions for energy crisis will be prevention of climate change, reduction of carbon dioxide emission and investment in renewable energy resources based on the principles of research and development. This study aims to investigate the prospects and limits of renewable energy relying on economic issues. In this paper, initially the different approaches to renewable energy production are discussed in general. Subsequently, to fulfill the main objective of the study, the economic issues, prospects and limitations related to these approaches were discussed in brief review using the known methods, theories, reports and papers. Most of the studies in the present paper refer to the statistical populations of United States of America, as the world's greatest energy consumer, some of the European countries and Iran. Finally the results obtained in this study are given, with the most important result implying that a serious attention should be paid to investment in renewable energy sector.