نشریه پایداری، توسعه و محیط زیست
سال سوم شماره 2 (تابستان 1395)

One of the dangerous contaminants that enter to the Shadegan wetland is Persistent Organic Pollutants. Lipophilic and high persistency of these contaminants laid to, accumulation across the food chain. Fish is main route for entrance of these compounds to human bodies. Approximately 90% intake of these compounds in human bodies is from marine food. Main route for entrance of these contaminants is fish and diets that contain much amount of fish, laid to high intake of these contaminates and it is dangerous for alimentary health of resident
In this research levels of poly chlorinated biphenyls and some pesticides containing DDTs, HCHs and HCB in Barbusgrypus that gathered in autumn 1386 form Shadegan wetland, were analyzed by Gas Chromatography (GC).
Results show that concentration of PCBs, DDTs, HCHs and HCB were 6.38, 11.41, 4.03 and 0.19 ng g-1 respectively. Study of various pollutant metabolites show that among PCB congeners PCB-28 (4.68 ng g-1), among DDTs metabolites p,p/-DDE (8.15 ng g-1) and among HCHs isomers α-HCH (3.14 ng g-1) had the most concentrations. High concentration of p,p/-DDE in fish suggests that recently DDT pesticides have not been used in agriculture after their ban and High concentration of α-HCH suggests new input of HCH (Especially technical HCHs) into soil and water around this area. Concentrations of pollutants in sample were below than represented standards by various organizations.

Caspian Sea is the biggest lake in the world among Iran. Torkamanestan, Ghazaghestan, Russia and republic of Azerbaijan. There have been many and different studies on Mazandaran Sea Bentouz that occurs in different deeps of the sea and times and places of Gilan coast including three sections: west, central coasts, east coasts. Bentouz are among creatures living near or in the deep of the ocean and seas, and depend on surface of sea. Some of the Bentouz live between sediment and some others live on the sediment close to the bottom of the seas.
Present studies have been done during 10 months from Aban 2009 till Mordad 2010 in south west coast of Caspian sea (Gilan province) through choosing 4 stations called: Sefidrood, Anzali port, Lisar and Astara of 0/5 to 1 meter deep (close to the coast and a little far from the coast) and was repeated for 9 times monthly in each stations. During 4 seasons of sampling, tottaly 17936 micro Bentous from 4 Anzali stations numbering 769, Sefidrood numbering 16435, Lisar numbering 490 and Astara numbering 248 was collected in Gilan province and 19 types were recognized.
The maximum supply belonged to the Sefidrood station and the minimum supply belonged to Astara station. Also the maximum supply of micro bentous in the coast of Gilan province belonged to gammaridae group in Sefid rood and then the maximum supply belonged to the type of stuari sefidrod in Anzali coast and the minimum micro Bentous in the Gilan province coast belonged to the types of Hypania invalida¡ Anisus stud¡ Tinodes waeneri¡ Polycentropus flavomaculatus ¡ Rhithropanopeus harrisii ¡ Lubidura riparia ¡ Ilybius fuluinosus.

Energy recovery from waste is an important and appropriate method for reduction of electrical energy generated from fossil fuel and nonrenewable source of energy.
Assessment and prediction of production and emission gas from landfill is important to design of this sites and successful use for Methane as a sources of energy. In this study is used from LandGEM v302 software and it is applied volume percentage 61% Methane and it is calculated 164 m3/Mg constant of potential production of landfill Gas for Tehran, Shiraz, Mashhad, Esfahan, Karaj cities and rate constant of methane production 0,06 and considered gas emission and pollutants in those sites. At last, sensitive analyze with different k (distract rate) showed that rate of methane and carbon dioxide from these 5 landfills are 11.15× 107, 8.25×107 m3/year. Also in Tehran landfill 934554 tone Co2 will produce and in Shiraz and Karaj 1.5×106CH4, 9.6×10 5 Co2 m3/year and in Esfahan site 8.46×106 CH4 m3/year and in Mashhad site 3.37×107CH4, 1.72×107CO2 was estimated. Pollutants consist of Vinil colored, Botan, Carbon di sulfide, Choloro di feleoro methane, Banzen, Di choro di feleoro methane, Di choro feleoro methane, Pentane, Hexane,Xylen were over limited standard. Attention to high rate of methane in Iran’s Landfills and piping operations for gas extraction in these sites, will be best alternative for eliminating of this greenhouse gas with applied used from this gas with treatment of it.

In spite of human knowledge and technology development, unfortunately, the situation of the environment at national, regional and international levels is critical and complex. We can no longer expect that with economic and industrial development the environment remains intact, but the reduction of pollution and its harmful effects using high technology can ensure the health, growth and excellence of present and future life on Earth. Multi-criteria decision-making System (MCDM) has been used to improve decision-making and management process. The spatial information systems are suitable for spatial data analysis. Also, Geographic information systems have been used to properly determine suitable areas for industrial and mining activities and its impacts assessment on the environment. In this study, using ecological, economic and social criteria and their integration with MCDM and GIS, the study area based on its sensitivity to mining activities were mapped. Also Environmental considerations consists of impact of mining activities on the urban settlements, rural settlements, surface water, groundwater, wildlife habitat, agriculture, tourism and vegetation were analyzed. Based on zoning map of the sensitivity of the active area of ​​the mineral gypsum, range, interference within the mining and production zones were identified. The results showed that 15% of the mineral sector with a range of prohibited activities, 6% in the zone of extreme sensitivity, 11% in the zone of high sensitivity, and 58% moderate and 10% is located in the zone of low sensitivity. Which implies the fact that 26 of the total 52 mining operations across the range of prohibited activities that should be stopped. It has been elaborated that the priority for planning must be related to the management of this moderate sensitive zone. The survey also shown that two criteria consists of the agriculture area and surface water had the most interaction with the unsafe mineral activities.

Risk assessment approach is a key element in the establishment and development of management systems. The components of the management systems more and more closely at the results more credible, respectively. One component that is particularly involved in issues of the environment component is location. The system is designed to produce, analyze, store and display spatial data is geographic information system. The aim of this study was identification and assessment of environmental risk factors with using non-spatial and spatial components including their location and extent of risks affect risk using spatial analysis of failure modes and effects on the environment (Spatial-EFMEA). At first checklist was prepared and preliminary assessment. Then complete Spatial-EFMEA worksheet and then according to the table, analyzed the likelihood and extent of risks and compute risk priority numbers respectively. Finally, using the frequency distribution method, results of the risk levels from low frequency, very low, low, medium, high, very high and critical level were classified for above-average levels of risk control measures and evaluate the proposed secondary. The results showed that 9% of risk associated with the buildings, 25 percent of risk associated with the green space, 16% of risk associated with the Green Ring and band Hulk, 16 percent of risk associated with the women area, 11% of risk associated with the sport area, 6% of risk associated with the parking and 17% of risk associated with the public area.

The present research aimed to make a comparative study on environmental knowledge and attitude of the secondary school students in 2nd grade of biology course in Eco School (Green School) and Non-Eco school. Due to limited number of Eco high schools in Tehran, a pioneer non-governmental school for girls at Tehran Education Organization District 2 was chosen as an Eco school statistical population, and using Cochran sample size formula, a sample size of 50 individuals was estimated for it. After close investigations, proper Non-Eco schools were selected, and a sample size of 42 individuals was obtained for it by using Cochran formula. The descriptive methodology employed in this study was a survey type, relying on a questionnaire for assessment of environmental knowledge as well as a questionnaire for assessment of environmental attitude based on Likert Spectrum. Student's t-distribution and Mann-Whitney tests were also carried out to verify the hypotheses. Finally, the results revealed that the Eco school students’ environmental knowledge in the entire the 5 areas and their environmental attitude were meaningfully higher as compared to Non-Eco School students.