نشریه پایداری، توسعه و محیط زیست
سال چهارم شماره 1 (بهار 1396)

Organophosphorus pesticides are widely used for agricultural purposes, so it is make the Diazinon one of environmental issues. Given the importance of water and the effects that pollution can have on human health and natural ecosystems, water quality monitoring is very important. The aim of this study was to determine the contamination entered in the area of large and small Lavasanat‘s groundwater.
In the study area, were randomly selected 6 villages and six wells in each village (upstream and downstream) were sampled. After transferring the samples to the laboratory, using micro solid-phase extraction method, diazinon concentrations were measured.
Results showed that Small Lavasanat is more polluted than Large Lavasanat. Niknam village and Hanzak with average concentrations of diazinon 13.792 and 13.328 micrograms per liter, respectively, were the most polluted underground water resources in the study area, respectively.
Compare Diazinon estimated average by world standards, showed the amount of contamination of drinking water in the rural areas according to the standard, were higher than the standard limit and the groundwater does not match. The planning related to water resources management as well as monitoring the health of watersheds and change management in the study area should be prioritized.

One of the main goals of de-desertification projects are reducing poverty and removing discrimination between different regions. Determination and analysis of current status of desertification in different regions is the first step in processing of regional sustainable development, and determination of deficiencies and problems.
For this aim this analytical study was conducted to determine the development levels of desertification indices of Yazd province using Scalogram model. And after the formation of the matrix of terrain mapping units and estimate the ultimate value, the first, layers were provided by ArcView, and the results of ranking of cities were presented in the form of development map.
Findings: The results showed that the cities of Abarkooh, Bafgh have almost the best condition respectively, and Yazd, Taft, Mehriz and Khatam are the poorest cities. With regard to the distribution of effective potential sources there is a large gap between cities of Yazd province from view point of planning and implementation of desertification projects.
Therefore, it is suggested that the obtained results and ranking should be considered in budgeting and planning process for future cities development in terms of desertification.

Attention to the development of rural settlements of central and essential needs of regional and national development in any country is; because between rural and urban development, there is a basic continuity without a special look to this association, regional and national development will not be successful. Development of rural settlements and ongoing dynamic process that in addition to economic aspects, the non-economic aspects of the experts and scholars have been strongly emphasized and recommended. Among the most important emphasis, knowing the capabilities of rural settlements with particular attention to how to deal with the natural environment full and serious consideration to the size and rural environment are expressed in studies and planning.
In this research that is done with descriptive-analytical and with field survey methods has attempted to measure biological limitations of rural settlements in the mountainous areas in the city of Sardasht. The statistical population of this research is villages with more than 50 families that their number are 856 families in which, 200 families were selected as sample.
Findings: Findings of the study suggest that factors such as the high slope of the ground, the mountainous region, non-biological facilities, long distances from the center of town and countryside has created so many problems for residents and villagers of that region have been forced to migrate.
Generally, there is a meaningful relationship between geographical factors such as the slope of the land, geology, access to educational levels and life pattern that has created special biological patterns for the villagers.

Nowadays, cities, of the problems and serious injuries in various fields, especially environmental challenges are suffering. Concentration of population in cities and the disproportion between growth of services and urban infrastructure, particularly in developing countries, Urban areas in terms criterias of environmental sustainability and quality of life with all kinds of environmental damage such as air pollutants, pollutants audio-visual, disposal problems of sewage and garbage disposal problems, health water providing etc confronted. Continuation of such injuries, especially with form and function in developing countries, including Iran, the crisis is creating and alerts based the environmental instability in cities.
In this context, the present study is an applied research and descriptive-analytical method. The main purpose of research, analysis and pathology environmental sustainability in Ahvaz city. To achieve the desired aim, by extracting findings from the study experiences internal studies, indicators such as air contaminants, water and urban wastes was selected as environmental damage.
The findings indicate that despite the contribution of environmental damage in the analysis of sustainability Indicators and the quality of the urban environment, Can be said that the most important air pollutants are role in environmental instability in Ahvaz city.

In economic literature, policy planners and decision-makers and governments to evaluate the various indicators presented various indices. One of the most important indices is Total Factor Productivity where ratio of all products to all inputs is measured. If there is growth, it means that the manager policies have been effective in the use of inputs. Calculateion and measurement of TFP is importance so thatboth calculations of it should be possible and it closed to realty of economy. One of affective problem on TFP is environmental issues such as pollution emission. If this issue is not considered in the calculation of TFP, Calculated TFP will severely flawed and mislead the managers and policy makers.
In this study by using extended Solow residual model, in addition of Iran’s green TFP calculation, TFP without pollution emission variable by using several scenarios are estimated and compared with other studies. Finally, pollution emission elasticity and shadow price of it are estimated.
Results indicate green TFP growth for yeas of 1978-2012 is -1.28 percent that in without pollution emission variable scenario is -1.02. So, difference between with and without pollution emission variable scenarios is 0.26 unit percent. So, if environmental issues are not considered in TFP, it will be misleading for planner.
Also pollution emission elasticity are specified 0.31142. Accordingly, pollution emission shadow price of Iran’s economic are estimated 1.03 Mil Rls/tonne.

Nowadays, environmental awareness and attention to the role of a good environment and the growth of ecotourism have been increasing in order to improve the quality and quantity of life of nature and people. Lots of factors play a role in successful implementing the plans of good clean environment and conserving the natural resources. One of these factors is human resources. Due to the impacts of people on their surroundings, in general, one of the most important actions to solve the environmental problems and to sustainableecotourism and natural resources is to improve the public culture which it itself requires a good education about the environment. Hence, the aim of this paper is to investigate the role of awareness and knowing the environment in creating sustainable.
The population includes the people of Ilam County that 383 of them were chosen as the sample by Simple Random Sampling according to Determining Sample Krejcie-Morgan Table and they were given the questionnaires which were researcher-made and their reliability and validity were confirmed by the use of Confirmatory Factor Analysis. To analyze the data, the test of correlation and one way T-test were done in LISREL.
The results of hypotheses show that there is a positive meaningful relation between the environmental awareness and education and the creating sustainable in the people of Ilam County. Moreover, there is a positive meaningful relation between the amount of using social media and people’s behaviors towards the creating sustainable.