نشریه پایداری، توسعه و محیط زیست
سال سوم شماره 1 (بهار 1395)

A great numbers of studies have been accomplished in the field of valuation which shows its increasing importance. By economic valuation of the natural resources you can find out to some extend their real value and so prevent the destruction and the irregular consumption of them. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the economic value of the medical- pharmaceutical plants and the market value of different kinds of pharmaceutical plants productions around Parishan Lake. In order to estimate the mentioned values, some questionnaires have been provided and filled in this regard. In addition to the determining the values of the pharmaceutical plants through economic valuation methodology and proper method selection, the effective factors in economic valuation of medical- pharmaceutical plants have been detected and on the base of them the questionnaires have been provided.
Therefore, regarding the importance of medical- pharmaceutical plants and their inevitable relation with natural resources and their application, this paper is an effort to analyze this relation.
The limit of the studied geographical region is as follows:The most important fresh water lake in Iran, located 12 km east of Kazeroun, among Famour Mountains. It has an area of almost 36 km2 with a length of 12 km and a width of 3 km.
The economic value of the pharmaceutical plants of the region of Arjan and parishan lakes has been estimated after onsite specifying the amount and market price of pharmaceutical plants by groceries during one month and also consumption of pharmaceutical plants mentioned in questionnaires on the basis of market valuation method. The value was estimated by application of E-views software. The obtained value for Arjan and Parishan lakes is estimated 1036588 Toman for one month.

Saqqez River is one of the main source of water resources in Saqqez city that provides water needs for agriculture and drinking water in border river. Human sewage and agricultural resources of this river have pollutants. In this study, physicochemical process of river pollution in the Saqqez in 1387 and 1388 considered and previous research results in 1383 and 1384 and has been compared.
In total during these years the number of 80 samples from 14 stations during 20 sampling Each of the four stations, Tamogha station, Saqqez station, Kani jezhni and Arab oghly removed and the parameters of pH, BOD, COD, DO, TDS, EC, NO3 and ... has been Measurement and analysis.
Based on the results, because Saqqez station receiving human sewage and agricultural sources of pollutants in this river Border River provides. Urban wastewater pollution than many other stations are so severe that the increase in BOD5 station, especially in Low water seasons this show has.
Overall the situation self-refining river downstream stations BOD5 levels gradually comes down. Agricultural run-off, sewage, human waste and discharge of major pollutants of the river and the danger to the river are.

According toincreased Concern about the long-term effects of heavy metals as environmental pollutants, studing showed that the bio monitoring could be desirable and satisfactory method to measure heavy metals. Feathers can play the role of both storing and eliminating metals. In this study, accumulation of heavy metals cadmium and lead in birds with emphasis on impact type of habitat (water and drought) were studied in birds in South West of Iran. Tail feathers of 29 birds belonging to 8 species (4 species of aquatic and terrestrial species 4) were collected. In this study heavy metals were measured by using Fillips PU 9400 Atomic Absorbtion Spectrophotometer. Mean Pb concentration in feather of birds was obtained between 18.23± 1.03 (Aythya nyroca) and 3.33± 1.31(μg/g) ( Merops orientalis). Alse mean of Cd in birds was obtaine between 1.71± 0.06 (Anas platyrhyncho) and 0.06± 0.03(μg/g) (Merops orientalis). For evaluation of effects of habitat type on level of lead and cadmium on feather, the birds studied in two groups (aquatic and terrestrial birds).The mean of Pb in aquatic and terrestrial birds were 11.94±4.95 (μg/g) and 6.81±1.03 (μg/g) respectively. A significant difference was in feather Pb concentration across aquatic and terrestrial birds.The concentration of Pb in feathers of aquatic birds was higher than terrestrial birds. The mean of Cd concentrations in aquatic and terrestrial birds was obtained 1.08±0.73 (μg/g) and 0.25±0.19 (μg/g) respectively. However Cd concentration in aquatic birds were higher than terrestrial birds, but there was no significant difference between Cd concentrations in aquatic and terrestrial birds.

Rasht, as the center of Gilan province, has the highest number of food industries and since these industries in the northern part of the country, especially Gilan are the most dominant existing ones, it seemed necessary to study management conditions of the food industries’ residuals through observation and filling in topic questionnaires in 40 active industrial units in Rasht. As the first step in this research, the food industries of the city were identified and classified based on their products. Then, active units were specified and their residuals’ management status was studied. Next, obtained data were analyzed using statistical softwares such as SPSS and other softwares were used for drawing relevant tables and diagrams. To study the quality of residuals and their compositions in each food industry group, the temporary storage places were surveyed and through filling in the questionnaires by those in charge the physical analysis of the residuals and the production levels were reviewed the results of which are as follows: Studies showed that the majority of food industries in Rasht did not pay close attention to environmental aspects, particularly the management of their residuals; they did not observe environmental regulations; they considered the cooperation of environment experts costly and problematic and often would not take any measure to analyze their residuals. It is noteworthy that among all food industries of the city only one of them was selected as the “Green Industry”.
It was also found that bread, biscuit and drinks producing groups had the highest level of industrial wastes while bread, biscuit and drinks producing groups showed the highest level of domestic wastes. About 63% of the wastes from industrial residuals were recyclable; however only were practically recycled. The most frequent waste disposal methods exercised by the industries were selling (45.6%) and hygienic burying (32%). In addition, some industries burned a part (4.3%) of their wastes in a nonstandard way. The common way of keeping wastes until disposal was open stores in the factory that in itself could cause pollution. The major source of industrial wastes in food industries could be said to be from products (24.32%) and then those of packaging (20.58%). Moreover, the time periods of waste disposal in 48.2% of industries were case disposals and 15.4% of them were reported on a daily basis.

Since agricultural plain lands of Ardabil have been important in providing food stuffs, and due to the necessities of land usage management in this section, determination of process and change-rating of land cover I important for developers. In this regard, dynamic temporal data of remote sensing can play an important role in searching and analyzing of land usage change which is done by means of numerical change detection techniques in which the descriptive process of changes in covering variety and situation of land use is based on the temporal series image data. Basic hypothesis in using remote sensing data is on the base of these criteria that claims the ascending or descending nature of changes between two or more periods is recognizable, and by comparing the related data from different years, we can detect mutual relationships between natural, social and economic parameters. In this study, maximum likelihood supervised classification and change detection techniques were applied to Land sat images acquired in 1990 and 2007, respectively, to map land cover changes in the Ardebil city. A supervised classification was carried out on reflective bands for the four images individually with the aid of ground truth data. Ground truth information collected were used to assess the accuracy of the classification results. Using ancillary data, and expert knowledge of the area through GIS further refined the classification results. Change detection technique was used to produce change image through cross-tabulation Changes among different land cover classes were assessed. During the study period, a very severe land cover change has taken place as a result of agricultural and urban development projects. These changes in land cover led to vegetation degradation and cropland in part of the study area.

In recent decades, demand for energy to achieve economic growth has increased, and accessible resources, especially resources of fossil fuels, have sharply decreased. Uncontrolled and ever-increasing consumption of various energy carriers such as oil, gas, and coal has more than ever attracted the attention of countries to two important issues, namely non-renewability of fossil fuels and environmental pollution. Thus, one of the most important priorities in energy policies is diversification of energy resources and also finding an energy resource which is safe, cheap and free of greenhouse gases. Nuclear energy, therefore, is important. In this regard, the main objective of this paper is analyzing the effect of nuclear energy consumption on environmental quality in the set of selected countries.
This is an applied research by objective, a causal research by study method, and an inferential research by methodology.
Results from model estimation by the method of fixed effects in the selected countries in the 2004-2014 period show that nuclear energy consumption has a negative and meaningful effect on CO2 emission as an indicator of environmental quality.