فصلنامه گنجینه اسناد
پیاپی 62 (تابستان 1385)

The emergence of constitutional movement and the changes caused this anti-government revolution is one of essential issues in the contemporary history of Iran. This paper points out to the routs of constitutionalism which orign from Tobacco banned movement and then introduces some of the clergies who played crucial roles in the events led to constitutional movement and the events after domination of this revolution. Following are some of active clergies in respect of aforementioned movement: Ayatollah Mahdavi Kani, Nazemoleslam Kermani, Seyyed Abdollah Behbahani, Malekol Motakalemin, Seyyed Jamal Esfahani, Shaykh Fazlollah Noori, Shaykh Mohammad Vaez.

This paper firstly highlights the importance of the Najaf city, its religious schools historical periods and events occurred in this city and impact of clergies on the political life of Najaf at the time of constitutional movement, Journals published in that period, the function of Iranian cler­gies residing in Najaf and their impact on political affairs in Iran before and during constitutional revolution, some important events of this period and reaction of clergies and then focused on the role of three particular clergies: Akhond Molla Mohammad Kazem Khorasani, Haj Mirza Hassan Tehrani and Haj Shaykh Abdollah Mazanderani in general and the role of Akhond Molla Mohammad Kazem Khorasani in establishment of the parliament and succession of the constitutional revolution in particular.

Constitutional revolution of the Iranian Muslims is one of the glorious social and political events in Iran after acceptance of the great Islam.the role of Isfahan’s constitutionalists especially the high clergies in this movement is very significant.Haj Aqa Noorollah Najafi Isfahan! is the symbol of revolutionary clergies of this city.Using of this religious atmosphere, constitutional movement could frustrate the Zelolsoltan government.The active contribution of high clergies in the political movement highly influenced the social and economic situation of this city.Companionship of this city with constitutionalists arid the role of Haj Aqa Noori is the main theme of this paper.

Among precious and valuable collections devoted to Iran National Archives Organization, Those belong to the high clergy Aqa Seyyed Mohammad Kazem Yazdi are like brightening brilliants which complete the lost historical chains.Some records of this collection include the events of constitutional revolution, tendency or opposition of the religious characters about this movement.The text of rough draft of the supplementary of the constitutional revolutions’ bylaws is one of the valuable records available in this collection.The author of Orvatolvosqa has been written his view points about the acts of these laws and these corrections have been here after inserted in the finai text of the bylaws.This paper elaborates some of these viewpoints and corrections presents by the author of Orvatolvosqa.

The first national parliament established in Iran after a-fifty year attempts and activities follow­ing the decree of Mozafar-al-din Shah.After preparation of its bylaws, the first period of election has been conducted and national.

I ran's constitutional revolution and its acceptance by the Autocrat government originated to the events, Believes and social changes occurred in Ghajarid period.This paper attempts to survey this historical change, political arrangement of Iran in Ghajarid period and the legitimacy status of the king in that period.The social attitude and changes in Iran which paved the ways towards forming constitutional revolution has been studied in this paper.This paper also describes the circumstances led to establishing of the first national parliament, along with its activities and dissolution.

By the advent of the Naser-al-din Shah Soverignity, Mirza Fazlollah brother of Mirza Aqa Khan was minister of defense of Kashan Region.Kashan became famous for three prospects during the fifty years rules of Naser-al-din Shah on Iran: Firstly. deposai, exile and the murder of Mirza Taqi Khan Amir Kabir placed in this city, secondly the establishment of the first textile company by the name of Eslamiyeh corporation was in Kashan and thirdly because of Bahahist movement which initiated from this city.This paper describes these three factors focusing on process of Amir Kabir Murder in Kashan.

Zaynab Pasha also known by the names of Bibi Shah, Zaynab Baji and Dah Bashi Zaynab was one of the constitutionalist women in Mozafaid period.Zaynab who was a Tabrizi origin lady along with forty courteous ladies started a partisianic fights from the first time in Ghajar period.

Attempts has been so far made to analyze the original thought of forming the constitutional revolution and the role of clergies and other literate people and liberty movements aiming at domination of this revolution but nothing has been written about the constitutional's oppositions and their movements. The author of this paper tries to study the character of one of the oppositions of constitutional­ism under the name of Rahim Khan Chalbianloo by means of records available in Iran National Archives Organization.This paper briefly studies the life of Rahim Khan, his social class and his official positions in Mohammad Ali Shah along with his role in opposition with the constitutionalism.The defeat and escape of Rahim Kan has also investigated in this paper.It is in the hope that this research will be published as historical book in future.

One of the most surprised events in the constitutional period was the terror of the Mirza Ali Asghar Aminolsoltan.He was summoned from Europe by Mohammad Ali Shah and appointed by him as prime minister.Aminolsoltan was trying to dissociate the constitutionalism in Iran, due to this attitude some of the constitutionalists decided to kill him and finally he was killed by Abbass Aqa Tabrizi.This paper introduces the Aminolsoltan family, his terror project, identity of his murderer and the events happened after his terror.

Bakhtiarian tribe as powerful tribe of Iran played an important role in constitutional revolution.parliament formed with the different social classes such as aristocrats, princes, clergies, mer­chants, feudal and the other groups.This paper studies the election status in the first period and the main activities of the first national parliament along with the factors led to quarrel between Shah and Government which finalized with bombarding the national parliament by king’s decree.

Iran’s defeats of Russia especially in the early Ghajarid period and enforcing two Golestan and Torkmanchai treaties by which a large part of our country was handed over to Russia made the Britannia anxious about the Russia's intention in accessing to the warm waters, therefore; they organized the East Problem or Big Game Plan in Iran.This program was the bases of the all political and commercial policies in Iran and in all competition programs with Russia.Political development occurred at the international level and the necessity of revising the poli­cies forced the Britannia to change its policies regarding Iran.This shift in political attitude led to the 1907 Treaty which could not be reversed even by constitutional revolution and establishment of the national parliament.

After domination of the constitutional system along with the establishment of the national parliament, the first crises that the government involved was the increasing of the financial crises of the government.This event violates the government and parliament relations.National parliament rejected foreign loans and then suggested the establishment of the na­tional bank (Bank Meli).This conflict was terminated by bombarding the parliament.Following the parliament attack, Mohammad Ali Shah’s power was expanded especially in negotiation with Russia and England for receiving foreign loansThese fights which directed by Zaynab Pasha initiated due to oppressions and sexual discrimi­nation imposed by the feudalism system in the period of prince Mohammad Ali Mirza.

Different analytic texts have been so far written about the constitutional revolution but most of them are monotonous and partial studies.This is due to lack of access to records especially the records of foreign ministry and other untouched and secret records.Having studied the introduction of the book of Russia records which translated into Persian, the author intends to present an analytic survey about this movement and the position of Russia and England in constitutional movement of Iran.This paper also attempts to compare the role of people and rulers of south and north of Iran regarding this constitutional revolution.

The establishment of Darolfonoon, Perhaps, is one of the significant and eminent measures of Amir Kabir in Ghajaid period.This paper introduces the deans of this school from the beginning of establishment until the end of Naseroddin Shah Sovereignity.

Shabnameh is one of the information systems emerged by constitutional revolution in Iran. It was a critical night letters and papers including the secret and political issues published with unanimous characters. پShabnamehs were different in terms of names and titles and distributed by secret associations and communities and literate characters in public places such as important passage ways religious and official places. پThe main theme of these informative letters or reports was Islam, revolutionary charaeters, clergies, literate persons and the critics regarding the king. This paper highlights the role of these media system in Ghajarid period, In that period of time Bakhtiarian were involved in diversity of opinions, in one side with two neighboring Arab and Qashqaei and in the other side with the discrepancy of their own chiefs of tribes. Sardar Asaad Khan and other constitutionalist Bakhtiarian Khans firstly drew up an agreement with Shaykh Khazal (Chief of Arab Tribes in Khozestan Province) and Soulatoldouleh Qashqaei then tried to unify the Bakhtiarian people on the constitutional movement. The constitutionalist Sardar Asaad was struggling to unify the sons of Haji llkhani especially Lotfali khan Amir Moffakham and Nasirkhan - commander of army who were in side of Mohammad Ali Shah. The opposition between Sardar Asaad, his brothers and the sons of Haji llkhani was nearly culminating to a local war but Asaad’s sobriety and awareness of the llkhani’s sons such as Sardar Mohtasham led to arranging an agreement on supporting of the constitutionalism. According to this agreement the benefit of constitutional succession should be divided be­tween these two political sides.

Modern teaching and schooling is one of the important issues emerged from the constitution­alism in Iran.On the basis of the constitutional law the government was responsible for supervision of the education system, therefore, new regulations and systems were developed and some decisions such as compulsory education especially in primary schools were made in constitutional revo­lution.These changes forced the government to nominate experts and scholars to prepare the proper teaching books.This paper highlights the methods used in compilation of the books and the styles of teaching in Persian language and literature in constitutional period.

Newspapers published in constitutional period played important role in transferring information and political events from the begining of the constitutional movement until the issuance of the constitutional decree.Some newspapers have been published twice a time with two different contents.Sobhe Sadeq no.48 which was a morning news paper is an example for this unusual publishing. This paper describes how this event happened in that political period.

Domination of the constitutional revolution made notable alteration in the political, social and cultural affairs of Iran's history.Among them we can point out to the tendencies towards contributing in public utility and spirit ness and charity affairs already named as alms or pious.It means that religious sympathies, and social patrimony changed from personal to social welfare and community based movements. Therefore; the government forced to pass the laws and regulations to national parliament to play the role of custodian on these pious foundations.This paper reveals the historical development of these new foundations compatible with the western styles and the role of national parliament and government in establishment of these foundations.This paper clarifies the Russia and England interaction in concern with Iran’s political situation during the 13month of initiation of short term despotic period.This paper also answers to the questions about the conditions under which these two coun­tries decided to help the Shah and the result of this political approach.

Constitutional revolution impacts the Iranian style of life in all spiritual and physical aspects in broad sense.Passing a - hundred year of this important event, we can easily realize that aside from political changes, this movement has left its traces on our culture, art and music.This paper studies the impact of constitutional revolution on music and introduces the charac­ter of Aaref Qazvini as poet and musician of that period.The author attempts to present a disco - graphic sample of this artist’s work.