فصلنامه پژوهش زبان و ادبیات فارسی
سال دوازدهم شماره 3 (پیاپی 34، پاییز 1393)

Shortening Proper Nouns is so current and common among Iranian and different kinds of processes are involved in this process. The article describes this process and reviews the role of gender in this process and phonological limitations in shortened nouns. Our approach toward shortening nouns can be an example of interaction of two sciences of Inflection and Sociolinguistics. The samples of study were chosen from 790 Farsi Proper nouns among which 330 are boy names and 460 are girl names. The selected samples were extracted from the official website of National Organization for Civil Registration. The standard for selecting samples includes high frequency and being one-part nouns; so we did not use rare and lowused names and those with more than two parts which involves two or more separate nouns. The applied theoretical framework is the Optimality Theory. Shortened nouns were reviewed and analyzed based on this theory. The results show that shortening Proper Nouns in Farsi is rarely predictable against the common belief Iranian may have. The other considerable result worth noting is that although shortening is an inflectional process, it involves phonological units more than inflectional units. Removed parts in this process are so varied in size and status and words that are created in shortening processes of Farsi inflection are usually phonologically ungrammatical. Moreover, the analysis of data shows that gender is also an effective variable on shortening Proper Nouns in Farsi.

The usage of modal verbs are reviewed in corpus of six texts from 6th Hegira (Atbat-al Katba, Asrar al-Tawhid, Tazkerat-al Ulia, Maqamat-e Hamidi, Kelileh and Demneh and Rahat-al Sudur). The results show that the usage amount of these verbs is considerable among other kinds of verbs. In modal constructs, modal adjectives and adverbs help enrich the meaning of necessity, possibility, capability and wanting in addition to modal verbs. Regarding the contextual and functional meaning, the concepts of commitment, necessity and … are more considerable in a work like Atbat-al Katba. Political, narrative and mystical insights, character, social power and status are among the factors the affect their amount of application and degree of modal elements. The study shows that the difference of genres brings about even little differences. The depiction of general features of a period style and personal experiences of every author are related to a subject which is dealt with in this study.

Some scholars believe that the history of “Samak Ayyar” story roots in pre-Islamic era and possibly in Parthia era. The comparative article is a comparison on educations provided and skills taught for “Khorshid Shah”, one the main heroes of “Samak Ayyar” book (written in 585 Hegira) and “well-ambitious Ridak”, one of the Sassanid noblemen (The Pahlavi Text of Khosrow Ghobadan and Ridaki);. There are many similarities between their educations that can strengthen this possibility that Samak Ayyar is a pre-Islamic story. Research Method is a Library one and based on evidences from these two texts and attempts to prove abovementioned point.

Repetition in level of letters and words, which is one of the methods of creating and or increasing the music of speech, can be reviewed from two perspectives: first, from musical values and second from rhetorical values. The study uses descriptive and analytic methods to review the different kinds and methods of letter repetition in Farrokhi Sistani poem. The findings show that Sistani orator applied all repetition methods in widespread amount in his speech. Continuous repetitions of letters, words, syllables, phrases and even hemistich with different methods filled Farrokhi poetry with Musical bunches of phones. In some cases, he created new methods of repetition which increase the musical richness of his speech. These repetitions are so valuable from rhetorical aspect that there are many evidences in Farrokhi poetry that letter repetition or word proportionate to poetry theme serve the semantic transfer and poetry content and sometimes help in inspiration of given emotion of poet.

The aim of this article is to become familiar with different views toward women and their rights from gender perspective and to describe the original and common Iranian culture about women focusing on one part of Oral Literature which is Proverb. The under review corpus of the study involves 382 proverbs that are collected from valid Persian books and Proverbs dictionaries. Regarding the importance of this subject, the qualitative analysis of content is used for analyzing this corpus; and we reviewed three pivotal and general areas about women by reviewing, separating and distinguishing proverbs which were somehow related to women. First, we review the physical and psychological features of women, then their moral and emotional features and finally their family and social relations. The findings show that the structure of above proverbs does not show the real status of women and focuses mainly on highlighting the negative aspects of woman character. Moreover, the varied status of women becomes obvious in reviewing the proverbs, since she is sometimes described with respectful and scholarly language and she is in climax; and she is sometime faced with unconscionable and partial judgments that consider her as Satan. Therefore, the article shows the status of women in Persian Proverbs and public views toward women in these proverbs and how much these views are different with the current social and women condition; due to this fact that the social view toward women is more positive today, the necessary condition for improving the status of women are ready now.

Brevity means decorating speech from additional comments and unnecessary elements, so that the most content may be stated by the lowest number of words; this method, which is also used in oldliterature but its special consideration is one the most significant successes of Contemporary Poetry, changed the syntactical structures in addition to speech briefing. The focus of some contemporary poetsto some of these methods is practically an approach toward old linguistic structures, but some others can be regarded as the linguisticachievements of Contemporary Literature. The article reviews the methods of achieving Brevity in two main groups of brevity and deletion methods in poems of a group of contemporary poets and compares them with deletion and brevity methods in Old Classic Literature; we aimed to show the effect of Old Classic Literature linguistic structures on some part of brevity structures and the degree of innovation in some deletion methods of Contemporary Poem, in addition to identifying these methods in Contemporary Poem.

The study of Farsi is so important due to current today differences between colloquial and written Farsi. There are many differences between these two types in many languages particularly from grammatical and lexical patterns that double the significance and necessity of separately studying these two. Based on this, the article reviews and analyzes words that are usually applied in conversation of Farsi speakers and are never or rarely used in written Farsi; and based on Boy’s view (2007) they are the result of word creation processes but not word formation. Following Boy view, under review data were categorized and reviewed based on the kind of word formation processes like shortening, combination, innovation, comparison, loaning, metaphorical expansion and phrasal conversion into four categories of Noun, Verb, Adjective and Adverb. The findings show that Shortening have the highest frequency (32.58 %) and phrasal conversion and combination have the lowest frequency (5.62 and 4.49 % respectively) in word formation.