نشریه آفاق الحضاره الاسلامیه
سال چهاردهم شماره 1 (الربیع و الصیف 1432)

Abu Abdullah Mohammad Ibn Musa al-Khawarizmi was born at Khawarizm (Kheva), south of Aral sea. Very little is known about his early life, except for the fact that his parents had migrated to a place south of Baghdad. The exact dates of his birth and death are also not known, but it is established that he flourished under Al- Mamun at Baghdad through 813-833 and probably died around 840 A.D.
Khawarizmi was a mathematician, astronomer and geographer. He was perhaps one of the greatest mathematicians who ever lived, as, in fact, he was the founder of several branches and basic concepts of mathematics. He influenced mathematical thought to a greater extent than any other mediaeval writer. His work on algebra was outstanding, as he not only initiated the subject in a systematic form but he also developed it to the extent of giving analytical solutions of linear and quadratic equations, which established him as the founder of Algebra. The very name Algebra has been derived from his famous book Al-Jabr wa-al-Muqabilah. His arithmetic synthesised Greek and Hindu knowledge and also contained his own contribution of fundamental importance to mathematics and science. Thus, he explained the use of zero, a numeral of fundamental importance developed by the Arabs. Similarly, he developed the decimal system so that the overall system of numerals, 'algorithm' or 'algorizm' is named after him. In addition to introducing the Indian system of numerals (now generally known as Arabic numerals), he developed at length several arithmetical procedures, including operations on fractions. It was through his work that the system of numerals was first introduced to Arabs and later to Europe, through its translations in European languages. He developed in detail trigonometric tables containing the sine functions, which were probably extrapolated to tangent functions by Maslama. He also perfected the geometric representation of conic sections and developed the calculus of two errors, which practically led him to the concept of differentiation. He is also reported to have collaborated in the degree measurements ordered by Mamun al-Rashid which were aimed at measuring the volume and circumference of the earth.

Everyone looks unsightly at the human, who has been created from feeble sperm he will prostrate to great creator who has created everything with the finest stature.
The Holy Quran has encouraged the fair and conscientious seekers of truth to meditate on the quality of human creation, creation of body limbs and recognition of his innovations.
The hand is one of the body limbs, be used in different forms, singular and twofold and people, 120 times in 110 verses and 47 chapters.
The word of hand is a joint word and be used in reality of affluence, power, obedience, meanness and guarding.
This word has taken part in forming of Kennings compositions in the Holy Qur’an and Arabic poetry.

Dr. Mohammad Mahdi AL-Baser is one of more learned in Arabic and modern Iraqi literature, to accompany contemporary critique school which injected the ideas of east and west, whereas to excel in it by his liberty, morality, and educationally criticism, to stopped in it lift up the inherited gaps and the stumbles. He battled against the slump, and exaggeration, and arbitrary. His style was distinguished by the abstraction, and standing up on ancient and modern critics ideas, and he is a man of scientific and objectivity, whereas he was always pay attention to the form besides the content, and he accurately going on the linguistic, and grammatical, rhetorical, and ethical for the rhythmical and prosaic, whichever was the authority, and who was the sayer, just as that he didn’t leave over the comparisons in entire visions and various forms.

Sheikh Bahaee is one of the greatest scientists and literary men of the Islamic world. He has valuable writing and works in different fields. Sheikh Bahaee was a poet speaking Arabic and Persian very well. He also wrote poems in both languages. One of the most well-known poems of his the ode -Alfaoz walAman fe Madhe Sahebe Zaman- which consists of 63 verses dedicated to the praise of Amam mahde this article tries to investigate and criticize the above ode.

No doupt that the Quranic expression contains secrets and aesthetics and artistic touches and images which show that the Quran art intended to support this opinion that it isn’t people speech.
So, this research is going to study Sura «Sad» using a stylistic approach, which focuses on data General Linguistic and deals with the role of image and music sounds and vocabularies in Sura, and stadies semantic features of words and the accuracy of vocabulary selection in the sura and tracking stylistic phenomena in the sura and the meanings associated like repetition, and the question, and interested in Images, based on analogy and metaphor, and real images.
Based on the results of this study, it has been proved that balance intended in the rhythm of Sura like repetition is an important element in increasing the pace of this beautiful one chapter, in addition to the consistency of these voices, and that the words in sura characterized by precision in the choice and the power of influence in the recipient and that the technical consistency has emerged between the different images and rhetoric of the real clearly.

The subject of the martyrdom and the martyr didnt develop and didnt become of various kinds, unless in the modern age and of course, after the wars had occurred in Arabic countries and after revolutions had taken place and after the moslem champions had sacrificed themselves to Allah and home country.
so that, we see poets everyday that they cooperate with these champions in these revolutions and sacrifices with their poetic art; such as :Imaging and symbolizing and inspiring and conversing and etc. and by making fir of battle in Revolutionists’ heart for Revenging on injustice and insurrection and by immortalizing their heroisms and memoirs and transmit them to the living persons to become an active and agentive power for them.
Therefore, the human smell of the martyrdom spreads everyday from poetry of these poets, whom any one of them pay attending to this subject from special Angle and create beautiful poetic tableaus and pictures of these martyrs which contain their histories and events.
Thereupon we observe the martyr that he appears in these pictures as shinier Star or inspiring reformer or symbol of constancy in momentous affairs of native country or living person who doesn’t deserve an elegy to be composed for, or …

The glorious prophetic parables, as part of the Islamic parables, contain the expressions so impressive and delightful that indicate the splendid eloquence of the blessed Prophet. These parables _ which have strong context, novel concept, and firm style, and originated from a dynamic and profound thought and have many advantages _ indicate that the blessed Prophet spoke in perfect eloquence and stated the prominent concepts with short statements so that no Arab could compete with him in speech. The words he used in his speech are as beautiful as the meanings, and on the contrary, the meanings are in perfect agreement with the words; besides, the combination of the words he used is so beautiful as if his speech is like a nifty and charming necklace.The pivotal discussions of this article are as follows: Prophetic parables, their distinguished eloquent features, and their impact on Arabic poetry. The author of this article, at first, discusses about the prophetic eloquence and the superiority of the Prophet’s splendid parables to the common parables in Arabic language and other languages; then he introduces some of the Muslim scholars’ works written about prophetic parables; and, at last, he discusses about some selected parables that Arab poets used them in their poems and composed the poems under the in fluence of the prophetic eloquence which are the symbol of goodness, guidance, and faithfulness.