فصلنامه اقیانوس شناسی
پیاپی 18 (تابستان 1393)

Harmful Algal Blooms (HABs) frequency، intensity and geographical extension have been increasing worldwide. The Southern coast of Iran is not different from the other coastal areas. The present study was done to investigate distribution، intensity، and density of phytoplankton species with the potential to form harmful algal bloom along the southeast coast of Iran. The water sampling was carried out every two weeks from late April to late September 2009 in eight different locations. Totally، 54 phytoplankton species identified and their cell density determined in each location. The results showed that among all identified phytoplankton species، 22 species have the potential to form harmful bloom in the southeast coast of Iran; among which Cochlodinium polykrikoides was a bloom former species before southeast monsoon in most locations. Its maximum density was 1. 9×107 cell /L in late May 2009. Gymnodinium sp. with maximum density 6×106 in late September was also a bloom former species after monsoon but more distributed in eastern sites of Chabahar.

This experiment was conducted to examine the effect of dietary Immunogen prebiotic on growth، hematological indices and body composition of rainbow trout fingerlings. A basal diet supplemented with 0 (control)، 0. 05، 0. 1، 0. 15 and 0. 2 percent prebiotic to formulate five experimental diets. Each diet was randomly allocated to triplicate groups of fish with initial average weight of approximately 13. 76±0. 54 g. After 8 weeks of feeding trial، fish fed diets with prebiotic showed the highest final weight and SGR، and lowest in fish fed the control diet (P<0. 05). The feed conversion ratio (FCR) was better when the fish were fed with 0. 15 percent prebiotic. There were significant differences in hematological parameters including hematocrit، RBC، WBC، HB، lymphocyte and neutrophil counts in fish fed by dietary prebiotic (P<0. 05). At the end of feeding trial، the fish fed 0. 1% diet showed higher whole body protein. The fish fed with 0. 15% diet exhibited lower levels of lipid and ash. The results suggested that administration of dietary Immunogen at 0. 15-0. 2 percent exerted positive effects on growth، hematological indices and body composition in rainbow trout.

Effect of different levels of dietary supplementation of Spirulina on growth indices and carcass composition of Benny Mesopotamichthys sharpeyi was investigated in an 8 week experimental trial. Dried and powdered spirulina algae in five levels of 0، 2. 5، 5. 0، 7. 5 and 10. 0 % were added to the experimental diet. Experimental fish were fed to satiation twice daily. The results showed significant difference (P<0. 05) in final weight and weight gain of the experimental fish fed 10% supplementary diet compared to control treatment. However، specific growth rate and condition factor did not show significant difference among treatments (P>0. 05). Feed conversion ratio and protein efficiency ratio in 10% treatment showed significant difference (P<0. 05) with control group. Though significant difference (P<0. 05) was observed in whole body protein content between 10% (14. 07±0. 12%) and control treatments، the results showed that various levels of spirulina algae in diet did not affect the fat، ash، moisture، carbohydrate and energy content of the experimental fish. The results indicated that 10% dietary supplementation of spirulina could improve final weight، weight gain، specific growth rate، condition factor and body protein content of Benny fish.

To study the distribution of subtidal benthic invertebrates in Chabahar Bay and surrounding waters، samplings were undertaken on April and December 2012. Nine stations were sampled from Pozm to Ramin by using Van Veen grab (250 cm2). Samples mostly belonged to 7 classes (Bivalvia، Gastropoda، Scaphopoda، Malacostraca، Polychaeta، Echinoidea and Ophiuroidea). Ramin (R1) showed the least number of mentioned classes in both sampling periods. P1 in Pozm and K1 in Konarak showed the most abundant sites in first and second sampling periods، respectively. K1 in Konarak had the highest Shanon (1. 55) and Simpson (1) indices of diversity، while in second sampling T2 in Tiss and R1 showed the highest Shanon (1. 64) and Simpson (1. 04) indices، respectively. Although، Kruskal-Wallis test yielded no significant differences in benthos abundance among different sites and different sampling occasions (P>0. 05)، the results of nMDS and cluster analysis separated T1 and R1 from other sites in first sampling and R1 from other sites in second one. Based on CCA analysis، sediment type had the most effect on benthos distribution. To study the distribution of subtidal benthic invertebrates in Chabahar Bay and surrounding waters، samplings were undertaken on April and December 2012. Nine stations were sampled from Pozm to Ramin by using Van Veen grab (250 cm2). Samples mostly belonged to 7 classes (Bivalvia، Gastropoda، Scaphopoda، Malacostraca، Polychaeta، Echinoidea and Ophiuroidea). Ramin (R1) showed the least number of mentioned classes in both sampling periods. P1 in Pozm and K1 in Konarak showed the most abundant sites in first and second sampling periods، respectively. K1 in Konarak had the highest Shanon (1. 55) and Simpson (1) indices of diversity، while in second sampling T2 in Tiss and R1 showed the highest Shanon (1. 64) and Simpson (1. 04) indices، respectively. Although، Kruskal-Wallis test yielded no significant differences in benthos abundance among different sites and different sampling occasions (P>0. 05)، the results of nMDS and cluster analysis separated T1 and R1 from other sites in first sampling and R1 from other sites in second one. Based on CCA analysis، sediment type had the most effect on benthos distribution.

In this study، feasibility of replacing fish meal with poultry by product was examined. Six test diet were prepared based on anchovy fish meal (contain 45% protein and 20mj/ kg-1) and poultry by product substituted at levels of 0، 20، 40، 60، 80 and 100%، respectively. 180 fingerling Huso huso were stocked (28. 42±0. 17gr average initial weight) in 18 fiberglass tanks (six treatments and eighteen replicate) and were fed to satiation. At the end of 8 weeks feeding period، there were not significant differences between the final weight، increase body weight and specific growth rate of fish fed to (control)، (PBM20)، (PBM40) and (PBM60) (P>0. 05)، but growth performance were depressed significantly for Huso huso fed PBM80 and PBM100 compared with other treatments (P<0. 05). Replacement of fish meal with poultry by product at level of 60% had not negative effect on total protein (TP)، Albumin (AL)، Triglyceride (TG) and Cholesterol (CL). Also، it was not found any significant increase or decrease in liver catabolic enzymes (Aspartat amino transferase and Alanin Amino Transferase) for fish fed with PBM100 compared to other treatments (P>0. 05). Also، lysozyme were similar between PBM0، PBM20، PBM40 and PBM60 (P>0. 05). The result showed that up to 60% fish meal can be replaced with poultry by product with no adverse effect on growth and feed conversion ratio، immune system، and liver enzymes and is a suitable source for replacement with fish meal for feeding Huso huso in fingerling period.

In this study، seasonal variation on the acetylcholinesterase enzyme activity and on the protein in bivalvia Mytilaster lineatus and crustacean Pontogammarus maeoticus was investigated in 2010-2011 in Babolsar، in coast of the Caspian Sea. Maximum average of protein amount in Mytilaster lineatus was (10. 461 ± 0. 4833 mg/ml) in late winter and the highest average of acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity (24. 635 ± 0. 7829 μmol / min / mg protein) was in the late autumn. Maximum average of protein amount in Pontogammarus maeoticus was (9. 521 ± 0. 1482 mg/ml) in late summer and the highest average of AChE activity (25. 155 ± 1. 5180 μmol/ min / mg protein) was in the late summer. The result of statistical analysis using ANOVA، P<0. 05 showed significant differences between the levels of acetylcholinesterase enzymes and Protein found in both organisms in different seasons of the year. This final result indicated that the minimum stress in bivalvia Mytilaster lineatus was in the cold seasons and in crustacean Pontogammarus maeoticus was in the warm seasons.

A completely randomized design was conducted to determine the effect of four concentrations of waterborne sodium (2، 14، 50، 100 mg L-1) on sodium، calcium، magnesium، copper، zinc and iron uptake and accumulation in rainbow trout eggs. Water recirculating incubators as experimental units were used and 22. 5g the newly fertilized rainbow trout eggs were introduced in each one. The incubation media (treatments) were prepared by adding analytical salt into the double-de-ionized distilled water. The water temperature was between 7. 5-10. 0 ºC during the incubation period. The concentrations of Na، Ca، Mg، Cu، Zn and Fe of egg and water were measured in the beginning of experiment and hatching stage. Based on the results، Sodium and magnesium uptake by eggs from waterborne occurred in all treatments except in [Na+] 2 mg L-1. Calcium and Iron were not absorbed by eggs from the waterborne. Cu uptake by eggs from waterborne were recorded in [Na+] 2 and 14 mg L-1 and prevention of Cu uptake occurred in [Na+] 50 and 100 mg L-1. Zn uptakes by eggs were not different significantly (P>0. 05) among treatments. The results of this study indicated that sodium، copper and magnesium uptake and accumulation in rainbow trout eggs depend on waterborne and whole egg sodium concentrations.

The Mangrove Forest in Koolghan، Tiab and Kolahi areas have been dispersed with extent of 1698. 03 Hectare between latitude 27 º 10'' until 26º 52'' of the North and Longitude 56 º 23'' until 56º 59'' of the East; is one of the five Mangrove protected area in Hormozgan Province which is covered by net assemblies and non-coeval of Avicennia marina trees. The studied mass with the aggregation of 1014. 71 trees in Hectare with average height 190. 41±77. 56 centimeter with the average of bough diameter in collar place is equal to 10. 51 ±11. 03 centimeters. The average of height and crown diameter of trees also has been measured 151. 74±77. 93 and 230. 74±153. 07 centimeters، respectively. Also، the average level of tree''s crown has been calculated as 6. 01± 9. 83 m2، the average of the number of air roots as 197. 50±110. 69 pieces in m2 and the average height was determined 11. 24 ±3. 84 centimeters. Also، the number of fallen leaves of the bottom habitat was determined 119. 34 pieces in m2 with the average of 6. 65±1. 85 cm2. Statistical evaluations showed that between the studied transects، sample parts of Koolghan area in none of the studied parameters had significant differences and this habitat had been evaluated of homogeneous structure. In other sample parts of transects، they had significant differences in confidence level of 95% in parameters of tree height، crown height، crown diameter، crown level and bough diameter in collar place، but in parameters such as number of trees per area and covering percentage، there were not any differences that showed the total studied area is homogeneous.

In this research، the growth capability of microalgae (Tetraselmis suecica) in urban secondary wastewater as well as the determination of the best density of wastewater for the growth of these microalga have been studied. Moreover، the capability of this microalga for the treatment of wastewater and removal of nitrogen and phosphorus has been evaluated. To study the growth rate، Tetraselmis suecica was cultured in stable laboratory conditions with similar densities (1×106 cell × ml-1) in different volumes of urban secondary waste water (20، 40،60، 80 and 100%) within a period of 21 days. It was also cultured at three initial densities (5×105، 1×106 and 2×106 as low، moderate and high، respectively) in 250 ml of wastewater for 14 days in order to evaluate its purification effects. Results indicated that cell number increased in all treatments but the growth ratio was higher in 40 and 60 percent and was comparable to the control treatment (P<0. 05). Also، this species is able to remove 80%، 71. 8% and 56. 3% of nitrate، phosphate and nitrite from wastewater، respectively. So، it is possible to use urban secondary wastewater for T. suecica culturing as an alternative medium. Also، the ability of this species for N & P removing from wastewater shows its ability for wastewater treatment، so that the higher densities give more satisfactory results in the removal of nutrients.

The Persian Gulf is one of the most important water bodies in the world that has been heavily developed for crude oil production and exportation. Considering the fact that hydrocarbons may cause adverse impacts on the aquatic and marginal life، the monitoring of hydrocarbons in marine sediments has long been considered. In the present study، the concentrations and sources of aliphatic hydrocarbon (n-alkanes) and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) were determined in seven surface sediments collected from mangrove forest of Khamir Port. After soxhlet extraction with dichloromethane، samples were analyzed with GCMS. Twenty-three compounds of PAHs and several n-alkanes (n-C14-n-C33) were analyzed. Total concentrations of n-alkanes and PAHs were 1644±354 μg/g (dry weight) and 1394±503 ng/g (dry weight)، respectively. The mangrove sediments had higher percentages of lower molecular weight hydrocarbons. The diagnostic ratios were used for source identification of hydrocarbons. Results showed that the main source of hydrocarbons is petroleum and petroleum products.

Sedimentary and geochemical characteristics of the coast and bed of Govatr Gulf (Southeastern Iran) have been investigated by taking 14 sediment samples in the 2009 summer. The study indicated that the sediments of the coast and bed of Govatr Gulf have sand and grain size clay، respectively. In this research، seven sedimentary types were identified. Rock forming minerals of sediments contained igneous، sedimentary and metamorphic rocks، allochthone and autochtone fragments، and mineral assemblages of quartz، calcite، feldspar، iron oxides and clay minerals. Geochemical maps of the heavy metals showed that the highest concentrations of heavy metals are related to the Pasabandar coastal sediments in which the element concentrations of Fe، Mn، Pb، Zn and Cr، were 15. 3، 53. 2، 35. 1، 24. 4 and 100 times more than the normal concentration in the study area، respectively. Correlation coefficients indicated that the colloids such as iron and manganese hydroxides and clay minerals had a great role in the mobility of heavy metals in the study area. High correlation of the chromium، magnesium، nickel، and iron elements showed that one of the resources of these elements is weathering of ophiolitic rocks by Bahokalat River and transferring these elements to the sea.

A wave energy convertor، Pelamis، was conceptually designed based on the forces applied to the instrument according to the Airy wave theory. Turnings of the bending arms were transformed into horizontal movements of pistons in the hydraulic cylinders which resulted in the generation of alternating current (AC) electricity without variation in AC frequency، using hydraulic circuits. In this study، the optimal design of Pelamis for applications in Chabahar area was selected among several assumed alternatives which could provide 16 KW of electricity.

Due to 24 hours activity at container terminals، they face with hazards، adverse environmental conditions، technological developments coupled with high uncertainties all which lead to the direct and indirect costs. Nowadays، various techniques are used to identify hazards and to assess risks involved. The main purpose of this research is to assess the risks involved in container handling operations using the Fuzzy FMEA. The results of the Fuzzy FMEA study have shown that a high potential hazard for truck accidents with the other vehicles or with other container pulling equipment potentially exists as a hazard that poses a critical risk level.

Establishing the marine protected areas is a solution to reduce pressures on the marine environment. But it can also have some benefits of sustainable tourism. The entrance fee for tourists who are willing to visit these areas is one way to earn money. In Iran، there is some marine parks that there is no cost for visiting them. One of them is Nayband Bay marine national park which is located in two provinces named Bushehr and Hormozgan in the south of Iran. In this regard، Nayband National Park protected area is an important area for protecting biodiversity. But protected areas could create income and benefits of sustainable tourism. In this paper، a contingent valuation approach has been applied to estimate the best entrance fee for visitors. A one-and-one-halfbound approach has been used and the vehicle payment is explained as an entrance fee to visit the Nayband National Park. According to demand function and marginal income، the best price for having maximum income adapted with WTP of visitors is about 40000 Rls ($1. 2) for each visitor for year 2014. It is important to note that this entrance fee should increase according to inflation rate annually.