فصلنامه اقیانوس شناسی
پیاپی 44 (زمستان 1399)

Today, the world has reached a new nature with advances in science. The Internet of Things is a technology that can connect all objects in different fields through the Internet. Some unforeseen event that destroys economic, social and physical capabilities and inflicts human and financial losses is known as a natural disaster, such as a tsunami. IoT-based tsunami forecasting system is an IoT smart device that acts as a tsunami alert and monitoring system and has the ability to communicate via the Internet. Therefore, it is necessary to conduct studies and research in the field of tsunami management with the approach of minimizing financial and human losses. In this study, first the tsunami is described and some IoT applications for tsunami detection are introduced, then the challenges of IoT-based algorithms used for the tsunami warning system are pointed out. It is hoped that tsunamis will be predicted early in the not-too-distant future and that tsunami detection, crisis management will be reduced using the Internet of Things.

Illegal fisheries are one of the reasons for disruption of combination of the seas fisheries, their significant reduction and loss of food security. Therefore, mechanisms have been devised to prevent the depletion and destruction of the seas fisheries. On the one hand, an Exclusive Economic Zone has been created, and the Coastal State has been given the authority to manage and protect its living resources. On the other hand, the Flag State has been given exercise of jurisdiction in fisheries matters over ship flying its flag in the in the Exclusive Economic Zone and the High Seas. But the combination of the two, for some reason and another, faces mutual limitations that have led to their inefficiency. Meanwhile, the Regional Fisheries Management Organization’s theory of monitoring does not address the responsibility of the Coastal State and the Flag State with specific mechanisms in this regard. Therefore, examining the competence and obligations of the Coastal State and the Flag State in the field of illegal fisheries and the Regional Fisheries Management Organization’s monitoring components are one of the goals and topics of this manuscript to answer related questions. First, what are the reasons for the inefficiency of the competencies and obligations of the Coastal State and the Flag State in connection with illegal fisheries? Secondly, what is the role and components of the supervision of the Regional Fisheries Management Organization in this area and the reason for its inefficiency? The research findings show that the exercise of the sovereign rights of the Coastal State in the Exclusive Economic Zone interferes with the right to freedom of navigation and freedom of fishing of foreign ships and the authority of the Flag State in matters over ship flying its flag. The Coastal State invokes domestic law and executive discretion, but is still subject to the restrictions set out in the UNCLOS, which applies to foreign ships and its Flag State. The Regional Fisheries Management Organization’s monitoring over the performance of the Coastal State and the Flag State in connection with illegal fisheries is insufficient, despite the fact that it faces executive restrictions. However, the prospect of a tripartite cooperation between the Coastal State, the Flag State and the Regional Fisheries Management Organization of the promising to overcome this situation.

To study the emission of environmental pollutants, including urban and industrial wastewater of Bandar Abbas, through Gorsuzan estuary to the coastal waters of Bandar Abbas, located in the northeastern part of the Persian Gulf, a three-dimensional hydrodynamic numerical model was developed. This is to predict the pattern of chemical pollutant emission. The governing equations of this model are rewritten in the spherical coordinate earth system with a vertical sigma array. In order to validate the model, nitrate and nitrite measurements were performed spectrophotometrically at six stations on the coastal water of Bandar Abbas for a period of one year. The simulations showed that these pollutants are mostly spread in the areas of fishery pier and between Haqqani pier and fishing pier. Nitrite and nitrate concentrations up to 6 km east and 5 km west of the Gorsozan estuaries’ joint to the Persian Gulf is more than 60%. These results are consistent with the concentrations measurements carried out for these two pollutants in the mentioned areas. The average values ​​of nitrate concentration in the four measurement seasons in Khorgorsuzan, Fishery wharf, and Haqqani wharf are 18.9 mg/l, 14.95 mg/L and 9.32 mg/ L respectively. Besids the amount of nitrite in the above-mentioned stations are 4.7, 4.45 and 1.87 mg/l respectively.

Examining comparative and compettitive advantage is one of the most important criteria to make production and export decisions. For this reason and based on the opportunity cost concept, a vaiety of methods and indices is proposed.This article is to investigate the Iranchr('39')s comparative advantage applying Policy Analysis Matrix, Internal Factor Cost, Export Competitiveness and Government protection Coefficient as well as Government aids and indirect taxes in 2019. Hence, following the factorchr('39')s Cost extraction and PAM Matrix at the first stage, different competitiveness and comparative advantage indices were computed. Based on the results of Internal Factor Cost and Unit Cost Advantage Indices, one can say Iran has competitive advantage in domestic fishery markets withput any depency to government subsidies.Moreover, considering the subsidies payd for factors and the excercise taxes imposed on the final fishery outputs, government gain a net value added tax at whole. Finally, counting UCd and UCx indexes show that Fishery industry have had a competitive advantage in 2019.

In response to climate changes and human interventions, sedimentary regimes of the coasts will be changed. Occasionally, these changes may affect the portchr(chr('39')39chr('39'))s functioning as well as eroding the coastlines downstream. Since the last century, mechanical equipment has been used to restore the natural cycle of sediment transportation around the ports to address these problems. This method, which is known as the Sand Bypassing System (SBS), has been successful in countries such as Australia, India, and the United States. By introducing SBS components and reviewing the sedimentary situation of several ports in the Caspian Sea, this article investigates the possibility of implementing SBS compared to successful SBS examples around the world. Finally, by introducing the ports which are assumed to be suitable to benefit from fixed systems, implementation of SBS for the ports of Chamkhaleh and Fereydunkenar were presented in detail here.

Ports operations play a vital role in goods transportation, either of wet or dry, and transportation of tools and machinery. In this regard, their flawless performance has a direct impact on local markets, economic situation of an area and even the whole country.  On the other hand, continuous and effective operations of ports heavily depend on efficient maintenance plan and constant updates that all needs a proper financial capacity. In other words, the financial capacity of ports, which is influenced by the pricing policies and strategies, is the heart of the matter and affect all other ports operations. The current study aims to model all possible determinants of port tariff through a meta- analysis approach. To achieve this, 85 highly relevant literature covering the period between 2000 to 2020have been reviewed critically and subsequently their findings have been analysed via software programming of MAXQDA 2020. 46 unique influences of port services pricing have been identified and then classified based on the number of citations. Pricing goals, competitors’ tariffs and their geographical situations with 48, 47 and 41 respectively, have been found as the most cited factors. In addition, identified factors have been classified in two higher levels (criteria and principals) and a comprehensive model consists of all potential determinates is provided at the end.

This study was conducted in 2019-2020 with the aim of evaluating heavy metals in two species of plants of Shadegan wetland. The sampling site of Juncus acutus and Hammad salicornica in two different sites including site A and site B of the wetland was in two seasons of summer and winter. In the generation plant, the highest values ​​of bioaccumulation index of zinc and manganese metals in the leaves of the plant in the first station in summer were 1.60 and 0.85, respectively. The highest values ​​of this index for cobalt and molybdenum in the leaves of the second generation plant in winter were 8 and 37, respectively. Regarding copper and selenium, the highest amount of bioaccumulation index in plant leaves in winter was observed in the third and first stations of 1.11 and 6.22, respectively. The lowest bioaccumulation index of zinc, copper, cobalt, manganese, selenium and molybdenum was obtained in the roots of the generation plant. In winter, the highest and lowest metal transfer index in the generation plant was related to copper and nickel metals, respectively 22 and 0.02. In summer, the highest and lowest values ​​of molybdenum and nickel were 4.12 and 0.53, respectively. The bioaccumulation index of metals in generation and remnant plants showed that these plants have the ability to accumulate heavy metals and are part of accumulation plants, because heavy metals in the leaves and roots of these plants were measured in very small amounts. Also, according to the results obtained from the metal transfer index in the plant generation and remnant have the ability to absorb and accumulate heavy metals.

Global Positioning Systems (GPS) and General Packet Radio Services (GPRS) provide the ability to intercept surface currents at low cost. This paper presents the details of designing and constructing an online self-recorder system for measuring the Lagrangian surface currents in the wave guide region and comparing it with numerical modeling results. Comparing of the results of the instruments with field measurements of coastal currents shows that this drifter has good accuracy for intercept coastal currents. Although there are difficulties in transferring data collected from the GPRS system, offline functionality helps maintain data. Surface current measurement data on the Anzali coast southwest of the Caspian Sea and several breakaway current cells intercepted and identified. At the same time, the simulated currents by coupling ROMS oceanic models and SWAN waves indicated the presence of several cells with weak rip currents (less than 0.8 m / s) in the region that good alignment with intercept drifter information.

The destructive effects of activities such as illegal and unreported fishing, pollution of the marine environment and resource exploitation have led to increasing concern for the health of the oceans. Nowadays, human activity in the seas is not limited to areas under national jurisdiction but extends to areas beyond national jurisdiction, in addition , science and technology cause to emerge new activities in these area. Therefore, planning and implementation of environmental and eco-based management plans is a critical issue. Preventing environmental damage is one of the principles of international environmental law that is made possible through environmental impact assessment. The incorporation of Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA), which is rooted in international and regional documents, into the binding international agreement is a tool that assists the international community in the conservation and sustainable use of marine biodiversity.