نشریه بهداشت کار و ارتقای سلامت
پیاپی 2 (پاییز 1396)

work-related musculoskeletal disorders are the most common occupational injuries. This study was conducted to evaluate the risk factors for musculoskeletal disorders in construction workers.
This descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted in 2017 among 82 construction workers in the West Azerbaijan Province. In this study the PATH method was used and the percentages of trunks, hands, feet, hand carriage activities, and tools used in the occupations was determined. To describe the data, descriptive statistics were applied.
The mean of age and working experience of the participants were 37.28 ± 6.68 and 11.94 ± 7.17 years, respectively. The highest body position was in the trunk (34.5 %), hands (55.8 %), and legs (50 %) were neutral. The maximum load weigh less than 5 kg (29 %).
Construction is a widespread activity with multiple occupations and tasks associated with serious risk factors for musculoskeletal system. To improve the working conditions of these workers ergonomic interventions is necessary.

Fire has devastating fatal, financial, and environmental consequences for the community, and there are many victims annually in different societies. With an estimated population of about three million, Mashhad is a religious metropolis in Iran, which is yearly visited by a large number of tourists. Consequently, it is ranked as the first city in Iran regarding the number of accommodations and hotels.
The present study aimed to evaluate fire risk in some four-star hotels using Fire Risk Assessment Method (FRAME). Fire Risk Assessment Method is the most comprehensive, transparent, and practical calculation method for evaluating fire risk in the buildings that can be used to separately assess fire risk for the building, its content, occupants, and activities in it. In this method, at first the building was divided into different compartments and for each a separate spreadsheet/information checklist was completed. Then, the FRAME spreadsheet was filled using Excel and finally the result of risk assessment was separately calculated by the software.
The results of the evaluation revealed that the highest risk level in Mashhad’s hotel belongs to the estimated risk for occupants. Regarding the fire occurrence, the most important and the riskiest compartment/part of the investigated hotels were the basements where installations units, warehouses, and laundries are located.
By reviewing the results, the proposed solution to reduce the fire risk of four-star hotels in Mashhad was exact implementation of the national regulations and regulations of the Construction Engineering Organization and Fire department. Moreover, since fire risk is high in the basement levels, special supervisory actions should be performed to decrease fire risk in these sections.

Work-shifting is one of the inevitable achievements of technology and has become a part of the 24-hour community around the world. However, it has been considered as a health hazard, which can have adverse effects on various aspects of human life. Working in mines is a job that many people work in shifts in it and according to the specific conditions of the mine, they cannot adapt to it. So, the present study was conducted to investigate the health problems associated with work shifts in Bafq Central Iron Ore.
This cross-sectional descriptive analytical study was carried out in central iron ore using stratified random sampling. The sample size consisted of 310 workers using the Morgan table. Data were collected using a researcher-made questionnaire and analyzed by SPSS 21 software
The results showed a significant relationship between work shift and health problems of the employed workers. There was also a significant relationship between shifting and psychosocial problems. There was no significant relationship between work-shift and cardiovascular, skeletal, and gastrointestinal problems.
The results of this study showed that shift-working is related with health problems and mental and psychological problems. Therefore, by developing appropriate shift schedules and holding counseling sessions and appropriate training for employees in different fields, the above problems can be reduced.

Studies have shown that psychological factors have a significant effect on psychological disorders and work-related accidents. Improving mental conditions and paying attention to these factors can increase the health of employees. Job satisfaction is one of the important psychological factors for employees and a positive emotional factor in motivating and increasing productivity. The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship of job stress and work load with job satisfaction among Sarcheshmeh copper mine workers.
This cross-sectional descriptive study was carried out on 100 employees of Sarcheshmeh copper mine. Data were collected from reliable job satisfaction, workload, and occupational stress questionnaires. To analyze the data, SPSS16 software was used.
Based on the results obtained from the software, at confidence level of 95%, the significance level between the two variables of job stress and job satisfaction is less than 0.05 (0.003), and the correlation between the two variables is significant. The significance level between two variables of job load and job satisfaction at confidence level of 95% is more than 0.05 (0.794), which is not significant.
The results of this study indicated that job satisfaction can be influenced by job stress. Contrary to our expectation, the relationship between work load and job satisfaction was rejected

Occupational burnout is determined by emotional exhaustion, depersonalization, and reduced personal performance. The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between shift work and burnout in different parts of a teaching hospital in Ahvaz city in 2016.
This descriptive-analytic study was conducted on 180 shift nurses. Stratified sampling was used to collect samples and Maslach and Jackson's burnout questionnaires were applied to collect data. Data were then analyzed using SPSS18 software.
Analysis of the results of this study showed that "emotional exhaustion" and "depersonalization" with respective frequencies of 77.2 % and 92.8 % are severe in nurses. On the other hand, the "reduced personal performance" has been reported at a rate of 90.6 %.
High levels of emotional exhaustion and depersonalization on the one hand and low level of reduced personal performance among the studied nurses is an alert for managers in the field of health. In the case of not considering appropriate management measures to improve the burnout dimensions, psychological and physical damages can be caused by shift work on employees of the health sector.

The construction industry is known as one of the most dangerous industries in terms of work-related mortalities, injury rates, and compensation payment to workers. Therefore, assessment of safety risks is a key step to be performed in management of major construction projects. In this study, the occupational risks of Qom metro line an excavation project were identified and assessment.
In this descriptive case study, the Failure Mode and Effects Analysis (FMEA) technique was used to analyze risks. In data collection process, observation, worker's experience and judgments, checklist, standards and regulations, as well as incident records were used. Risk detection capabilities, severity, probability, and consequences of hazards were determined by professional experts in various team works. The identified risks were prioritized and corrective actions were recommended.
In the present study, the project was divided into 12 different working units. Generally, 49 activity titles associated with these 12 units were determined. Eventually, 293 risks associated with these activities were identified. Risk levels of the identified hazards included 26 cases at low risk level, 202 cases at moderate risk level, and 65 cases at high risk levels. After implementation of corrective actions, regardless of the three hazard cases at moderate risk level, the remaining identified hazards were reduced to a low risk level.
The results of this study indicate that using the FMEA technique to assess the occupational risks of mechanized tunnel excavation projects was very suitable. Furthermore, with a strong FMEA team a significant reduction in risk level of the project will be achieved.

Nanotechnology as a key technology in the 21st century refers to the science of manipulating molecules and atoms in size range of 1 to 100 nanometers. Given the importance of investment in research and development, promoting knowledge and attitude of students can have a positive effect on expanding the scope and use of these emerging technologies.
In this descriptive analytical study, the knowledge and attitudes of 130 students towards the benefits and risks of nanotechnology were investigated through a questionnaire. The participants were studying occupational and environmental health engineering in Hamadan, Ilam, and Semnan Universities of Medical Sciences.
The mean score of student's knowledge was 16.08 ± 1.61. A significant difference was observed between the mean scores of knowledge in undergraduate and graduate students (P= 0.001). However, no significant deference was observed in the mean score of knowledge between women and men, different age groups, and the year of entrance to university. Using linear regression equation and by considering knowledge level as a dependent variable, it was indicated that age and educational level were significantly related to the state of knowledge.
The results showed that most students did not have an acceptable level of knowledge about nanotechnology. Considering the benefits and risks of this technology, students have a positive attitude to develop use of nanotechnology in Iran.

Visual perception is one of the most important and critical human senses. This sense gets the most data and information from the environment. The studying hall is a place where students stay a long time, so its illumination should be so that makes them less fatigue. This study aimed to evaluate the illumination and its relation on visual fatigue of Zabol Medical Science University students.
This cross-sectional study was carried out over 2 months in the study halls of the university. The illumination intensity was measured by Illuminating Engineering Society of North America. A questionnaire was completed and the data were analyzed using descriptive statistics.
Public illumination in 99% and local illumination intensity in 100% of responses were evaluated less than the standard value. Although no significant difference was observed between age and visual fatigue, the local and public illumination intensity showed significant relation with visual fatigue and psychological condition.
Inappropriate lighting in studying halls, especially at nights when student spend more time for studying leads to visual fatigue. So, lighting design has to be reviewed based on the arrangement of lighting sources, optical proximity, and type of lighting sources