پژوهشنامه بازرگانی
پیاپی 74 (بهار 1394)

Effects of exchange rate on pricing chain are a challenging issue in the Iranian economy. Depending on the extent to which every price may be affected، changes in the exchange rate can have impacts on relative prices. In this paper we have examined the effects of changes in the exchange rate on pricing chain. To assess exchange rate pass-through in pricing chain، we have used time series data for 1990:2-2007:1. Our results show that exchange rate pass-through in pricing chain is «imperfect» such that in moving from import prices to consumer prices the pass-through is more imperfect. This shows that an increase in exchange rate will have a positive effect on trade balance in the form of substitution of imported goods with homemade ones. The results show that after an increase in the exchange rate in Iran، the relative prices will change in favor of homemade goods. Our results show that less than an increase in exchange rate will pass-through in producer and consumer prices in Iran، hence especially in the long run the production costs will increase less than what will be in the imported goods.

Despite the extent of international trade barriers، direct measurment of trade barriers and trade costs for large numbers of countries in long periods is hardly possible in practice due to severe data limitations. To avoid this problem، present study introduces a micro-founded measure of aggregate bilateral trade costs and as a practical application computes bilateral trade costs for a number of Iran''s major export trading partners. Based on results، over 1995 to 2010، Iran''s trade costs with major export partners declined by about 28 percent on average، while the same figure for China، India and Turkey was over 32 percent. Based on estimated regression، bilateral trade costs with distance and tariff rate variables is positively related whereas island، adjacency and bilateral trade agreement variables have the opposite effect on iran''s bilateral trade costs. Finally based on results it was sugggest that for increase power contest of export، products should be destined based on trade costs.

Bankruptcy is such a problem that، especially in countries based on free market economy، is growing nowadays، and naturally confronting with this problem، particularly in widespread bankruptcies of commercial companies، is necessary. One of the solutions to deal with the negative effects of bankruptcy is the prevention of its occurrence، which، as preventive bankruptcy، has been considered by national and international organizations. In this regard، the measures taken by the United Nations Commission on International Trade، European Commission، and the changes made in the United States of America bankruptcy law، can be cited. Based on the above documents actions may be resorted to in various ways، including imposing penalties or civil liability، self-regulatory debts and assets، helping the bankrupt، individual or collective agreements، unification of international trade legislation، creating a transparent and efficient law on bankruptcy، and controling، to prevent the occurrence of bankruptcy. The study objective is to examine the causes of the bankruptcy، and then the appropriate preventive measures are offered for any reason. Therefore، the lack of fit between debts and assets، as the most important cause of the bankruptcy، and the appropriate preventive strategies will be discussed in the first part of this article and the second part is allocated to other causes and their prevention strategies.

Gaining and sustaining the competitive advantage in today turbulent environment is an obsession of corporate managers. Manufacturing firms while investing in R & D، worry about the innovations driven from these researchers and their effect on the firm’s position in market. In other words، balance between innovation exploration and innovation exploitation (innovation ambidexterity) and its effect on firm’s competitive advantage is an important question of such firms. What is missed in many researches is the effect of strategic leadership on the relationship between innovation ambidexterity and competitive advantage that this research tries to fill this gap. This paper investigates the effect of strategic leadership (transformational and transactional leadership) on innovation ambidexterity capability (innovation exploration and innovation exploitation) and effect of this capability on competitive advantages (price advantage، service differentiation advantage and customer concentration advantage) of manufacturing firms in Arak. The results show transactional leadership has an impact on innovation exploration، both transactional and transformational leadership has an impact on innovation exploitation. Both innovation exploitation and exploration have an impact on service differentiation advantage but innovation exploitation has an impact on price and customer concentration advantage.

In recent years organizations for stay in competition and obtain customers satisfaction has paid more attention to supply chain. However now competition isn''t between companies but this competition is between their supply chains. Now choosing suitable supplier as one of the component of supply chain، is a strategic success key. In this paper we identify the most important criteria and check whether this criteria is general? And can include all aspects of choosing suppliers? Then we offer general and universal criteria for all companies، and ask experts to rank the suppliers with the non-compensation (Martel and Zaras) method for ARD ALBORZ Company.

The purpose of this study is to empirically investigate the theory of Purchasing Power Parity for Iran during 1339-1391. In order to do this، Zivot-Andrews and Lee Strazicich unit root tests، which take the possibility of structural breaks into consideration، have been used. According to the results، the null hypothesis of Zivot-Andrews and Lee Strazicich unit root tests for real exchange rate، i. e. there exists unit root، could not be rejected، and thus، it cannot be concluded that real exchange rate is stationary. The non-stationarity of real exchange rate in turn means that the hypothesis of existence of Purchasing Power Parity in Iran is rejected. To ensure that these findings are valid، Saikkonen Lutkepohl and Dynamic OLS co-integration tests were also applied. These tests confirm the results of pervious unit root test as well، and show that the Purchasing Power Parity theory is not workable for Iran over the period in question.

Regionalism is a prerequisite for trade liberalization and results in economic and monetary cooperation and leads to political and security convergence in the advanced stages. In recent years، the effectiveness of the Economic Cooperation Organization (ECO) in the process of regionalism has aroused a great deal of interest in both academic and political circles. The main objective of this paper is to examine the economic convergence among 10 members of Economic Cooperation Organization (ECO) in the presence of regional spillover over the period 1990 to 2010. To this end، we used the absolute convergence، sigma convergence and spatial conditional convergence. The contribution of this research is to investigate the convergence in the framework of spatial panel econometrics with country and time specific effects، avoiding omitted variable bias. Review of the dynamics of cross-sectional standard deviation indicates an increase in the dispersion of the logarithm of real per capita output and occurrence of sigma divergence. But، conditional beta convergence hypothesis is true for the countries under review and every country with average speed of 25% moves in the balanced growth path towards its own steady state. Also، results from estimation of spatial durbin model in the framework of spatial dynamic panel data with country (individual) and year (time) fixed effects indicate positive spatial spillover effects between ECO countries. Spatial elasticity of real GDP per unit of working-age population was estimated 0. 63 percent.