پژوهشنامه بازرگانی
پیاپی 76 (پاییز 1394)

In this study, the relationship between market power and industry-level competition with earnings sustainability were investigated. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the market power and industry-level competition and earnings sustainability in listed companies on the Tehran Stock Exchange. To achieve this goal, the Herfindahl-Hirschman Index, Lerner and Adjusted Lerner index as competition measures were considered. Our sample consists of 155 firms for the period 1386 to 1391. In addition, there is an inverse relationship between the Lerner Index and earnings stability, can mean the direct relation between the level of competitiveness and sustainability of benefits should be considered.

One of the most widespread tools of payment in international contract is to pay by documentary credits. Because, it provides for the parties to the transaction the greatest guarantee and the numerous risk of international transaction will be decreased due to the existence of independent character of documentary credits in this kind of payment. According to this feature openers of credit have to perform their obligation to the payment of documentary credit money and the objections relating to the basic legal contract cannot be invoked against the beneficiary of this document. In this article we intend to review the rights of opener’s credit in case that the beneficiary defrauded and the opener due to hidden fraud has paid its money or where the holder of documentary credit is a bona fide person and the opener is bound versus him to pay money. The analysis of parties’ contract of documentary credits and suggestions to protect the rights of credit opener is the subject of present research

Copper consumption is highly correlated with industrial production and exports of copper generates substantial foreign exchange. Thus, the competitiveness of this industry is important to evaluate this matter, unit cost indicators were used to show domestic and export competitiveness and comparative advantage of the industry. The effects of targeting subsidies and the increase in exchange rato were also simulated.

Oil is one of the main revenue resource and the fundamental input in production process in oil exporting countries; so that oil price fluctuations can cause instability in the key macroeconomic variables in an oil-rich country like Iran. In this paper, to investigate the effect of oil price shocks on the macroeconomic variables of Iran, a Multi Sectors Dynamic Stochastic General Equilibrium model, with emphasis on optimization of oil sector as a producing sector and considering the subsidy of oil price is designed. Furthermore the current study pays special attention to lack of law of one price as a main source of inefficiency in developing open economies. This is done via modeling of import sector and including those importers who are capable of setting their prices. The impact of oil price shocks on the Dynamics of the economic variables is considered in the 1988:1-2011:1 period. For this purpose, the Bayesian approach is used to estimate the model. The impulse response functions show that immediately after an oil price shock, capital and output increase in the oil sector while, in the non-oil sector the result is reverse. Furthermore, GDP, consumption and inflation increase, while the real exchange rate decreases immediately, And then all of the variables converge to their steady state values

Improving economic growth and study the factors affecting production has been one of the main concerns of economists in any period of time, especially in recent decades. Recently, improving the relationship between people and reduce the possibility of conflicts in human relations have been considered by institutional economists. Having desirable economic growth has been one of precedences any economic regime. In order to achieve this goal, economists have tried determining effective factors on production. First there was most emphasis on capital and labor but gradually, institutional factors such as economic security being introduced as one of determining factors of economic growth. In this regard, we investigate effect of economic security on gross domestic product among selected countries of G77 for period 1996-2011. The results show that effect of economic security on gross domestic product of surveyed countries is positive and significant. Also, the variables of capital stock, human capital, FDI stock and natural resources have positive and significant effects on gross domestic production.

Trade marks have basically come into view following the boom in commercial transactions and competition among enterprises and companies. It is claimed that domestic and foreign protections of the trademarks play significant roles in the economic improvement and development of countries. However, research has shown that in Iran, there are some shortcomings in the legal protection of trademarks. The obstacles to legal protection of trade marks involve: lack of specialized courts on trade marks, little knowledge of judges, absence of specialized journals and the weakness of the institutions supporting consumers’ rights. Faced with large amounts of domestic products and increased competition among enterprises and companies on the internal and international level show the necessity of the legal protection of trade marks. With respect to the importance of trade marks in today’s industrial world, this article tries to consider two legal bases of trademark protection. Laws related to trademarks have two main bases. The first basis is protection of the trademark owner and the second is protection of the consumer affected by trademarks. Thus, legal concepts of right of priority, unfair competition, bad faith, well-known marks and so on are included in these two bases. In addition, a legal case including an inferior court’s and appeal court’s verdict are analyzed based on the bases mentioned above.

The new bill of trade act has allowed the establishment of one man`s company in the form of limited company. These companies may look contrary to the rules governing the corporation contract. Is this in line with needs of trade activists and how can such companies be compared to corporation contracts is the subject of this article. We also look at the company act of India and China. Meaning, history and the way of founding and managing these companies and legal bases of these companies are also discussed.