پژوهشنامه بازرگانی
پیاپی 89 (زمستان 1397)

Pendulum Gravity Model / Outward Foreign Direct Investment / Export / Panel Data

The non-commercial consideration of immovable trades in our business law has its roots in old French business law. In 1932, our legislator predicted such legislation in Article 4 of business law following French 1807 business law. The existence of such legislation in old French law goes back to traditional rules in its society along with its economic and political status. Thus, in 1967 French legislator removed such law and has not been distinguishing between movable and immovable properties ever since. Today in France, movable property trades are considered commercial if they are not intended for real estate business while there is an absolute opposite rule in our law. The adoption of such rule in our law, especially at present time, lacks any economic, social, and legal reasoning.. In this paper, in addition to study French law, our legislation of such rule (Iranian law) is criticized while both supporting and opposing views are considered

The recent boycotts of the automotive industry further showed that, despite widespread investment in the automotive industry, the companies and supply chains of this industry did not have a satisfactory performance. In this research, a three-level chain of production, each of which includes manufacturing plants, distributors and retailers, is considered in the high demand segment of spare parts. The database of two active companies in this section is used for five strategic products in one year. First, the three-level chain is modeled in an ideal condition (non-disturbance) for a limited planning horizon and is mathematically modeled as a curriculum problem. Then, the mathematical model has been solved by considering disruptions based on three deferred sales policies, lost sales and outsourcing, with the aim of minimizing the total cost of the chain in the event of a variety of disturbances. The results show that the proposed algorithm of this research can neutralize the effect of disturbances and cause a significant reduction in the total cost of the system. The model is useful for helping decision-makers adopt an active approach to maintaining business benefits when disruptions occur (such as sanctions) in the chain

The quality of life and social welfare levels in countries is one of the most important development criteria. Accordingly, one of the goals of economic policy makers is to increase social welfare. One of the important and influential factors on social welfare of societies is the complexity of the economy. Economic complexity is an indicator that reflects the ability of countries to produce complex goods and utilize the knowledge in the production process. The complexity of the economy, influences on the social welfare of societies, through a strong relationship that exists between the generative structure and the income level and its distribution. the present study investigates the impact of the economic complexity on social welfare in developing countries during the period of 1996-2015, using the dynamic panel model and GMM methodol. according to the results of this study, with increasing economic complexity in developing countries, while the per capita income is increased, income distribution has become more unbalance. that is, increase in inequality of income overcomes on the increase in per capita income and overall, it has led to a reduction in social welfare. Therefore, it is imperative that developing countries review in their income redistribution policies. and put reducing income inequality in the center of attention

Financing system forms in the financial market, which includes money market and capital market. Some of the transactions in the capital market are conducted in the Over the Counter (OTC) Markets which is licensed by the supreme council of the securities and exchange. The Over the Counter (OTC) transactions are located after the other securities transaction as the value of transactions. Therefore, it is important to explain the legal system of these transactions and it is essential factors to protect the right of investors, transparency and efficiency of capital market.
"Will" is the most fundamental element in securities transactions in the Over the Counter (OTC) .In this paper, we explain the related issues to "Will" as the element in securities transactions for example we study termination of will and the defects of it in the Over the Counter (OTC) securities transactions

This paper presents the hierarchical cycle hub location problem. This new problem is an extension of the cycle hub location problem (CHLP). It is a three-layered hub network problem where the top level consists of a cycle network connecting the so-called central hubs and the second and third level are unions of star networks connecting the intermediate hubs to central hubs and the demand centers to intermediate and central hubs, respectively. The problem is to decide on the locations of a predetermined number of intermediate and central hubs and the connections in order to minimize the total routing cost in the resulting network. We also propose two mixed integer linear programming formulations for the problem. The behavior of the proposed models, in terms of solution time, is evaluated on the basis of an extensive computational study on Turkish pastal network dataset. The results achieved by CPLEX and Xpress solvers, based on the proposed MILP formulation, are compared to each other. We have also reduced the time to solve the problem by changing the parameters of the solver

In recent decades, encountering the phenomenon of bullwhip effect has been included as the most important problems in supply chain management. This phenomenon indicates that the fluctuation of the demand variation increases from the end to the outset of the chain. In this research, the study of the buffer stock and demand variation of the final customer effects on the Bullwhip effect and total costs of supply chain. is discussed Then, a liner four-level supply chain including store, retailer, wholesaler and factory is considered and the moving average procedure is used in order to forecast the demands. Subsequently, nine different scenarios, including demand variation (low, moderate, high) and buffer stock (low, moderate, high) are considered; and the bullwhip effect was computed with 95% confidence interval and one year period. In addition, total costs, including the ordering, maintenance and lag costs are computed, each of which is a member of the supply chain. These research results indicate that, if the demands of all members of the supply chain are estimated using the moving average, by increasing the variation fluctuation of the final customer demand, bullwhip effect will increase from downstream to upstream in supply chain but the total bullwhip effect will decrease. Also, if the demand variation is supposed stable, increased buffer stock in each of the supply chain members will cause increased bullwhip effect of total supply chain. Increased bullwhip effect is followed by increased costs and the share of the ordering cost will decrease and the share of the maintenance and lag costs will increase