پژوهشنامه بازرگانی
پیاپی 77 (زمستان 1394)

Iron and steel industry is considered among those industries which are very costly and require advanced and high technology. The development of this industry in the economy of every country, is able to make progress in other related industries. In this research the state support is calculated according to tariff in Mobarakeh steel Company, Zobahan and Khuzestan steel which have more than 70 percent of the country’s manufacturing industry. For this purpose, comparative advantage and supportive indices have been analyzed using policy analysis matrix technique for 1390, 1391, 1392 and 1393.
The findings of this research, based on indices of nominal protection of the
products, suggest that all products of Mobarakeh steel except slab in 1390,
Khuzestan steel except slab in 1393 and all the products of Zobahan were supported in 4 years. Indices of nominal protection of the inputs shows that there have been no support of tradable inputs used in producing the products of the three companies. Indices of effective support states that Zobahan coil product and coated of Mobarakeh steel in 1390, and all the products of Mobarakeh steel and Zobahan in 1391,1392,1393
except coil and rebar in 1391 have been supported. Also all the products of
Khuzestan steel in 4 years except slab in 1393 have been supported. Based on the cost of internal resources, cold and coated products have a comparative advantage with the value capital in bourse in 1390 and 1393 and the capital records in 1391 and 1393. All the products of Khuzestan steel with the value capital in bourse and the capital records have profitability and comparative advantage in 1391, while only slab
Abstracts 3 in 1393 and all products in 1390 and 1392 they have comparative advantage only in the value capital records. warm products of Mobarakeh with the capital records have profitability and comparative advantage in 1391 and 1392. The Zobahan company
have been without any comparative advantage and profitability in producing all
products using all the two calculated methods in the four years.

Flower Marketing in Iran is an ineffective way that wastee high proportion of flowers, makes prices higher for consumers and also cause the most revenue for dealers and retailers. But in developed cointries like Netherlands, flowers are sold through virtual auction by Dutch auction method which creates many benefits including reduce travel time and distance for flowers and provids a convenient access to the auction via the internet for costumers. This study aimed to evaluate the feasibility of implementation of it. So, first it studied and evaluated some famous tools for documentation and designing business models and then provided a qualitative model of virtual flower auction based on Osterwalder business model canvas. In the following, the qualitative model was transferred to a quantitative one with designing causal loop and flow diagrams via system dynamics method. In order to do that some open multi-stage interviews with some important data was collected by distributing a questionnaire among 63 florists in Tehran. Results of simulating the model in various scenarios show that not only the virtual flower auction method is applicable in Iran, But also by applying appropriate strategies and taking good decisions, it reduces flowers waste, increases received price by the producer and decreases the price paid by the consumer and also it benefits the flower auction site.

Variations of exchange rates play an important role on the policies and pricing strategies of Iranian exporters in international markets. Therefore, for the total sample of 48 market destinations during the period 1992-2012, assessment of the degree of pricing to market is the main purpose of this study. In order to determine factors affecting the Iranian export price, we use advanced dynamic panel data methods (such as pooled mean group, the system generalized method of moments and the dynamic fixed effects) that are distinguishing features of this study relative to prior works, based on the autoregressive distributed lag and error correction model. In addition, to determine the effect of the exchange rates uncertainty on Iranian export price, we use the exponential GARCH in the context of panel data. Using the mentioned three methods, the results of this study in the short term showed that the degree of pricing to market is the range between 0/46 and 0/94, and therefore, we can conclude that contribution-profit pricing strategy is established in Iran's export markets. Also, the results in the long term showed that the export demand in importing countries is price inelastic. According to research findings, it is concluded that the policy of devaluation of the national currency will have little effect on increase of Iran's exports and improve the balance of trade in the short- and long-term.

Commercial documents in opposition to civil documents whose credit is dependent on the validity of legal relation have principally an independent existence from the transactions and basic relations and are dependent on theirselves. On this basis, the credit and commercial documents values are separate from the basic relations that are the cause of their creation. The separation character of commercial documents is applicable on the separation of legal relation causing the document issuance from the legal relations resulting from the document issuance. The effect of separation of commercial documents is the immunity of these documents from the objection relating to the nullity, invalidity, recession of legal action against the holder of commercial document. The letter of credits as the same of commercial documents are an independent negotiable documents from the basic agreements or other agreements that are the basis of issuing the letter of credit. In these cases, the issuing bank with withdrawal of invoking to objections against the main debtor is responsible for the payment of money against the beneficiary. The present article with distinction of the separation character and independent principle of letter of credit seek to analyze their exceptions by considering their similarities and differences and to review the effect process of objections on each of them.

One of the country's foreign trade development strategies, is recognizing the economic potential of the major trade partners and ways of improving the volume and composition of foreign trade, both exports and imports, to its optimum level . Accordingly, in this study to estimate the potential for non-oil trade between Iran and selected countries over the period 1995-2009 the gravity model using panel data analysis as well as the most appropriate method for estimating is considered.
The results show that the coefficient multiplying GDP of trading partner countries and Iran is positive and therefore countries economic size has a direct effect on bilateral trade between them. Also in this study the Iran and turkey’s membership in ECO and the role of such a regional treaty in commercial relations between Iran and the selected countries to explore regional integration effect has been investigated.

Sustainable oil and gas resources development requires proper managing of environment during their exploration and production, off-shore operations and transportation. The consequence of improper management in oil and gas exploration, development, production and transportation can be leakage of oil and gas in seas, and may lead to damage and therefore liability.
This liability may be brought up in form of prevention, compensation or otherwise, in the form of polluter's civil liability.
Theoretical bases of this liability are the major topics in the petroleum law. This article intends to analyze theoritical bases of this liability in the domestic law and intermational instruments.