نشریه پژوهشهای روان شناختی
سال چهاردهم شماره 1 (تابستان 1390)

The aim of this study was to examine the relationship between the factors and facets of the five factor model of personality with religiosity (Belief/Practice, Islamic moral orientation, inclusion of transcendence, and exclusion of transcend-ence). 378 undergraduates were selected randomly and completed the Revised NEO Personality Inventory (NEO-PI-R), Islamic Religious Orientation Questionnaires and Duriez’s Post-Critical Belief Scale. Following previous studies, all the religious variables correlated positively with the factors of conscientiousness and agreeableness. In addition, extraversion was positively related to all the religious variables. Openness was positively related only to Islamic moral orientation. All religious variables except for inclusion of transcendence seemed to be negatively associated with neuroticism.

This research was administered with the aim of studying the relationship between supervisor support for innovation and creativity by considering the mediating role of intrinsic motivation and feelings of energy. Statistical population of the research consisted of Haier Factory employees in autumn of 2009, among which, 332 were selected using stratified random sampling to participate in the research. Research questionnaires included: Atwater and Carmeli's (2009), 8 item questionnaire for Assessment of Feelings of Energy at Work, Tierney et al's (1999), 9 item Creativity questionnaire, Tierney and Farmer's (2004), 11 item Supervisor's Support for Creativity Questionnaire, and Tierney et al's (1999), 5 item Intrinsic Structure Equation Modeling and Mediation Motivation Question-naire. Data were analyzed using Pearson's correlation coefficient and regression analysis. The results showed that there are positive significant relations between supervisor's support with intrinsic motivation, feelings of energy and creativity. The research model in which, feelings of energy at work and intrinsic motivation were mediators between supervisor support and employee's creativity at work through structure equation modeling and mediation regression analysis, has only been confirmed by adding an additional path between feelings of energy at work and intrinsic motivation. The findings of this research revealed a preliminary support for occurrence of the Pygmalion effect at work places.

Mental health is one of the most important issues in psychology which is influenced by many factors and affects one’s performance. The present research was carried out to study effectiveness of the assertiveness training program on general health in the first year students of Tabriz University. It had a pretest-posttest experimental design with a control group and repeated measures. Four faculties were selected through cluster random sampling, and freshmen from each faculty completed the Yulee Assertiveness Question-naire (1985). According to the purposeful sampling method, 40 students who obtained the least scores for assertiveness, were chosen and divided into experimental and control groups through random assignment. They signed informed consent forms and completed the Rathus Assertiveness scale and General Health Questionnaire (pretest).

The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between hardiness and parenting styles among high school girls in Tehran. A sample consisting of 300 students was selected from Tehran’s high schools through multi-stage (stratified) sampling. Kobasa’s Personal Views Survey, Aspects of Behavior of Parent Questionnaire and a researcher made questionnaire were used for data collection. Data analysis showed a positive and significant relationship between authoritative parenting style and hardiness. However, authoritarian, permissive, and rejective parenting styles showed to have a negative and significant relationship with hardiness. In addition, between commitment and academic achievement there was a positive relationship, however no relationship was found between challenge and control, with academic achievement. Findings also show that students from upper middle class families have a higher tendency to exhibit hardiness.

By developing theory of mind ability, children are able to represent human beliefs and therefore, understand and predict their behavior. Language plays an important role in developing children's theory of mind and their performance in false belief tasks. There are two main approaches explaining younger children’s failure in false belief tasks. First, it is believed that 3 year-olds lack the conceptual ability to represent false beliefs (Conceptual Deficiency Theory). Second, it is assumed that undeveloped language capacities mask 3 year-old's theory of mind abilities (Performance Limitation Theory). In the present study, the assumptions of these two approaches have been investigated. Participants (111 three and four year-olds) were tested in two verbal and pictorial false belief tasks (“standard” and "Look First") and a conversational awareness task. The findings showed that both 3 and 4 year-olds performed significantly better on the facilitated false belief tasks (Look First) than standard false belief tasks. There was also a significant correlation between children's performance on false belief and conversational awareness tasks. Results are in favor of the Performance Limitation Theory. The 3 year-old's failure in false belief tasks seems to be the result of their undeveloped language ability, not due to their conceptual inability to represent false beliefs. It is necessary to take children's language ability into account in any assessment and explanation of theory of mind.

The aim of this study was to investigate relationships between psycho-logical climate and psychological empower-ment. Within this scope, 350 employees were randomly selected from the personnel of a collection of industrial factories as the research sample. The instruments used in this study were the Psychological Climate and Psychological Empowerment Questionnaires. The validity of questionnaires was evaluated by confirmatory factor analysis, which yielded acceptable outcomes for both questionnaires. Results showed that there were significant Relationships (P<0.01) between all psycho- logical climate components (autonomy, cohesion, trust, pressure, support, recognition, fairness and innovation) and psychological empowerment. The results of stepwise regression analyses showed that components such as autonomy, cohesion, and innovation had the most significant predictive power for psychological empowerment and its dimen-sions.

More than eight decades have gone by since the founding of modern psychology in Iran and now it seems necessary to peruse an overall review of the trend of this science and form a sounder understanding regarding its past developments. Therefore, in an attempt to rebuild the past of psychological science in Iran, senior university professors and active persons in this field of science were interviewed, filled out questionnaires, and the results were subjected to historical method. It can be structurally and organizationally said that modern psychology in Iran has evolved through four stages: The “beginning” or“entrance” period, from teaching of the first psychology course by Dr. Siyasi in 1925 until the establishment of the department of psychology in 1963; The second or “establishment” period from 1963 to the beginning of the Islamic Revolution; The “Latent or crisis” period from the initial sparks that led to the Islamic Revolution until the reopening of universities in 1982-83 academic year; and finally the “explosive development” of psychology, the period from 1983 onwards. Since the foundation of the Islamic Azad University and the proliferation in universities and governmental higher educational centers to the present. Nonetheless, Iranian psychology has not achieved any theoretical and ideological success, and still remains in the imitation stage. However, a few ideological and theoretical movements can be singled out which are discussed in detail in this article.