نشریه تعلیم و تربیت استثنایی
سال دوازدهم شماره 109 (فروردین 1391)

The goal of the current research is to study the effect of cooperative learning method on the academic progress of mental Retardation students. For this study, 38 mental Retardation students in the fifth grade from among exceptional schools in the city of Tabriz were randomly selected and were put into two test and control groups. Before the start of the program, an intervention was conducted using the cooperative learning method. The academic progress test made by the researcher was conducted as a pretest for both groups. Then, the prepared program was taught in Ten 45 minute sessions to the test group using the cooperative learning method and the traditional method was used for the controlled group. After the end of teaching the sessions, the academic progress test made up by the researcher was once again administered for both groups as the post test. The data was analyzed using the covariance statistical test. The results show that cooperative learning has been effective in the academic progress of mentally Retardation students.

Attachment is defined as a deep and stable connection that is created between a child and his/her guardian. This issue affects deeply all aspects of an individual’s life such as intelligence, body, excitements, communications and values. Studies related to this field show that this issue not only affects the childhood period, but also the entire spectrum of an individual’s life. Therefore, taking into consideration the importance of the issue and progressive challenges in this field, the purpose of this article is to review researches conducted in the field of attachment in Mental Retardation children and the probable damages and attract the attention of the families, specially, the mothers of Mental Retarded children.

Teachers’ need for getting familiar with teaching methods that have a strong theoretical and experimental support requires the introduction of such methods. The direct teaching is an organized and teacher- oriented method which has been supported by many theoretical and experimental methods with in the last few decades. In this article, the general introduction of this method and its applications, especially in the area of learning disabilities will be dealt with. At the end, the opinions of those who are for or against this method will be pointed out.

Coping with pressures of life and gaining independent individual and social skills is, usually, a part of humans’ realities of life and in different cycles of his lifehas been manifested in different forms. Conflicts during childhood are not so visible. However, as the age increases and the individual faces special difficulties pertinent to the adolescence, internal and environmental struggles manifest more. Awareness and the recognition of educational experts, parents and teachers in connection with the state of children’s corresponding behavior and also using different methods in facing the problems and situations can be effective in the formation of corresponding behaviors and affect different aspects of their lives. Therefore, pre-mature assessment and interventions have considerable effect on the children’s corresponding behaviors since young ages. This awareness can be a great help for planning and designing educational patterns for these children in the field of corresponding skills and solving problems.

The current research with the goal of presenting learning disorder diagnostic indexes in WISC-R Index, analyzed learning disorders, using the resources, review method and introduced 6 diagnostic indexes for learning disorders in WISC-R standard. The results indicated that the most common application pattern for children suffering from learning disorder in WISC- R standard and applicable diagnostic indexes for the diagnosis of learning disorder are:1- Having natural Intelligence Quotient in WISC-R standard2- The existence of significant change between verbal and non-verbal IntelligenceQuotient in WISC-R standard3- The existence of significant change between the subject’s score in verbal andnon-verbal standards with the mean of the score in the total of each scaleseparately.4- The existence of significant change between the subject’s scores in sub-tests5- The operation’s weakness in ASID profile6- The operation’s weakness in the series factor and acquired knowledge and thefactor for getting rid of confusion.

Mental retardation is a term used for those students who have fundamental limitations in the social and communicational skills and mental operation. These limitations result in the mentally retarded students to learn educational materials late. Therefore, these student’s schools face problems such as learning difficulties. Also, these students are, usually, known as having the lack of enough motivation and getting them concentrate on educational materials is very difficult. Compared to normal students, mentally-retarded students have been given more priority as far as services and educational programs are concerned. Mentally retarded students will learned and succeed only if appropriate methods, technology and equipment are used for teaching them. In this article, there has been an attempt to describe educational requirements in computer games, their special types and successful operational strategies for mentally- retarded students.

We present a study about the use of current electronic travel aids to help blind people navigate through familiar and unfamiliar environments. We also discuss the main strengths and weaknesses of electronic travel aids and propose guidelines to design and use them adequately. We provide a proposal to develop and use traveling aids. As a result, this can be a first step towards defining major aspects to develop travel aids oriented to assist mobility and orientation of blind people.

One of the signs of development in a country is the rate of literacy for those citizenswho suffer from disability. The cognition processes of reading and writing without any consideration for the individuals, ability or disability are in the same direction. Motivation, expectations and awareness are some of the special considerations that are discussed in literacy and those individuals having disability. Literacy includes all kinds of communications including those through reading, writing, visual media, speaking listening and also the body language. Children, in order to learn reading skills, should recognize words independently and without orderly usage of phonetics strategy and decoding. For this purpose, the following methods are used: Application of pictures in teaching the recognition of words, pairing words by gesture language, computer and multi media, reading words by the intervention of comprehensive reading and the classification of words.

Social skills are a set of behaviors aimed at helping learners to establish positive interactions with others. Teachers, classmates and other school staff interact with others in school. Positive interactions may also occur between coworkers, administrators, friends or visitors in lifetime. In inclusive education the students with special educational needs study in mainstream education classes side by side with other students while using services of resourceful professional teachers as facilitator. Students with special educational needs have difficulty in interaction with peers in mainstream education classes. Inclusive education should include strategies for increasing social acceptance of learners with special educational needs to be more effective. In this essay, we define the characteristics of socially competent people; describe the problems of learners with special educational needs in special social skills and the diagnostic methods of students who have difficulty in interaction with others. Furthermore, we explain the necessity, goals and the methods of teaching social skills to the student with special educational needs.