نشریه تعلیم و تربیت استثنایی
سال دوازدهم شماره 110 (اردیبهشت 1391)

For the purpose of analyzing the role of intermediary religious confrontation in connection with the styles of attachment toward God and emotional health, 240 parents (120 mothers and 120 fathers) having children with special disability were randomly selected in kooh sharestan Ghaen. The parents answered questions in regards to the criteria of styles of attachment towards God, positive and negative religious confrontation and also the criteria of emotional health. To analyze the direct and indirect effects of devotional styles and religious confrontation for any of the parents the sample of analytical line was used. The results showed that 1) the style of secure and mutual attachment God indirectly and with positive intermediary religious confrontation leads to the disorder decrease in the social funtion.2) the style of avoiding and ambivalant attachment towards God with the negative intermediary religious confrontation in fathers and mothers leading to an increase in the symptoms of masochism and in fathers only leading to an increase in insomnia and anxiety 3) In mothers, having the style of attachment secure God will, directly, lead to the reduction of anxiety and sleeplessness and also depression 4) Ultimately, the ambiralant to god leads to negative intermediary religious confrontation in mothers and in fathers either directly or indirectly leads to an increase in depression. Generally, taking into consideration the results, we can say that positive and negative religious confrontations in connection with the attachment styles to God play an intermediary role in connection with the styles of attachment to God and the mental health of parents having children with special disability.

The aim of this study is to overview the development of curriculum approaches for students with intellectual disabilities. The content of curriculum and delivering that content is one way of improving education for students with intellectual disabilities. For this reason consonance with development of curriculum approaches is necessary at the curriculum approaches for students with intellectual disabilities are finding better ways for preparing them for independent life in least restrictive environments. In this article, the curriculum approaches for students with intellectual disabilities and advantages and disadvantages of each approach have been investigated. The result showed that the new curriculum approach for students with intellectual disabilities is having access to the General Curriculum and the adoption of this approach by providing the conditions, necessary possibilities for its implementation, in the best possible way, will prepare the students with intellectual disabilities for independent living in the least restrictive environment.

Impairment in appropriate social communication is among the characteristics of autistic people that affect their life. Teaching about social cognition before social skills training is crucial to solve this problem appropriately. One of the approaches that is used to develop social skills and social cognition in autistic people is Social stories.

Without a doubt, the kind of communication that exists between a mother and her exceptional child is one of the most important fields of research about the exceptional education. The reason is that the personality of the exceptional individual is a reflection of the parent's personalities to the point that the foundation of attachment theory, motherly behavior and the mother's reaction towards the child has considerable influence not only during the childhood but also permanent affect during the entire development stages. Therefore, one of the fundamental factors is the mother's way of accepting and dealing with the child's disability. According to the current statistics, about three percent of the total number of children are disable. Therefore, the need for the identification of these children and their mother's way of emotional and psychological reaction and the proper training for treating these children is important. Therefore, the author of this article is making an attempt to make notice of all the common reactions and the conducted researches in this matter.

Information technology and Intercommunication are two of the most important technical supports in teaching the students with special needs. It and Intercommunication are a collection of technologies based on computer, local, national and international networks and they lay an important role in exchanging information and establishing communication in providing especial educational services. In other words, Information technology and intercommunication are important in both providing educational services to normal students and also presenting special educational services. This article, in the direction of the application of information technology and intercommunication in the classroom, has dealt with issues such as tutoring, discovery learning, interaction tools, management and evaluation.

Islamic teachings have special emphasis on the status of the family in the matter of educating children and the effective role of parents in the shaping of children's personality and empowering them to attain necessary merits to again access to the ideal life. Taking into account children and student's behavioral, intellectual and physical shortcoming, the birth of each of these children in addition to the imposition of the moral and materialistic expenses on the society, needs the family's multi-dimensional hardworking for responding to the needs. Definitely, training this group of individuals, requires having the necessary insight on the part of parents and their close interaction with other authorities in the sector of education at the society's level. For this purpose, there is an attempt in this article to take advantage of the Islamic teachings for the clarification of the family's status before the birth in order to stop the birth of a handicapped child and the proper method of facing such a problem for the purpose of empowering them and minimizing the physical, social and moral damages of handicapped child in the interaction with the guardian organizations of education.

Today, paying attention to the student's social skills having special needs who have difficulties in social interaction and the decision making methods, is of a high importance. This issue is of a high importance among the hearing-impaired students at an institute. One of the social growth processes in individual is self-sufficiency. This concept in Albert Bandore's social growth theory is a belief in individual's empowerments which is effective in the individual's future decision making. Therefore, it seems that teaching self-sufficiency for students, especially an institute's hearing-impaired student can increase the amount of tolerance and individual's decision making growth in them. The reasons for the importance of this issue for the coaches and the experts in hearing – impaired groups, the existing vacuums and finally presenting different strategies in order to teach self-sufficiency to the hearing impaired students who are having difficulties in making decisions for the selection of their future field of studies or career, is the topic of discussion.

Many researches show that approximately 50 percent of all autistic children never acquire functional speech. Using Augmentative and Alternative communication System (AAC) is necessary for these children. The Picture Exchange Communication system (PECS) is a communication program that has become widely used, especially with children with autism. This paper, reports the results of a review of the empirical literature on PECS.